Add Vulkan demos

4 files changed, 5342 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/examples/.clang-tidy b/examples/.clang-tidy
index 0c4a3cd..2a0160d 100644
--- a/examples/.clang-tidy
+++ b/examples/.clang-tidy
@@ -8,10 +8,21 @@ Checks: >
   -cert-flp30-c,
   -clang-analyzer-alpha.*,
   -clang-analyzer-security.FloatLoopCounter,
+  -cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-array-to-pointer-decay,
+  -cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-constant-array-index,
+  -cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-pointer-arithmetic,
+  -cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-reinterpret-cast,
+  -cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,
+  -fuchsia-default-arguments,
+  -fuchsia-default-arguments-calls,
   -google-runtime-references,
   -hicpp-multiway-paths-covered,
+  -hicpp-no-array-decay,
   -hicpp-signed-bitwise,
+  -hicpp-vararg,
   -llvm-header-guard,
+  -misc-misplaced-const,
+  -misc-non-private-member-variables-in-classes,
   -modernize-use-trailing-return-type,
   -readability-else-after-return,
   -readability-implicit-bool-conversion,
diff --git a/examples/pugl_vulkan_cxx_demo.cpp b/examples/pugl_vulkan_cxx_demo.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa40734
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/pugl_vulkan_cxx_demo.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,1839 @@
+/*
+  Copyright 2019-2020 David Robillard <http://drobilla.net>
+
+  Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
+  purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+  copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+
+  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+  WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+  MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+  ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+  WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+  ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+  OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+*/
+
+/**
+   @file pugl_vulkan_cxx_demo.cpp
+   @brief An example of drawing with Vulkan.
+
+   This is an example of using Vulkan for pixel-perfect 2D drawing.  It uses
+   the same data and shaders as pugl_shader_demo.c and attempts to draw the
+   same thing, except using Vulkan.
+
+   Since Vulkan is a complicated and very verbose API, this example is
+   unfortunately much larger than the others.  You should not use this as a
+   resource to learn Vulkan, but it provides a decent demo of using Vulkan with
+   Pugl that works nicely on all supported platforms.
+*/
+
+#include "demo_utils.h"
+#include "rects.h"
+#include "test/test_utils.h"
+
+#include "sybok.hpp"
+
+#include "pugl/pugl.h"
+#include "pugl/pugl.hpp"
+#include "pugl/pugl.ipp" // IWYU pragma: keep
+#include "pugl/pugl_vulkan.hpp"
+
+#include <vulkan/vk_platform.h>
+#include <vulkan/vulkan_core.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace {
+
+constexpr uintptr_t resizeTimerId = 1u;
+
+struct PhysicalDeviceSelection {
+	sk::PhysicalDevice physicalDevice;
+	uint32_t           graphicsFamilyIndex;
+};
+
+/// Basic Vulkan context associated with the window
+struct VulkanContext {
+	VkResult init(pugl::VulkanLoader& loader, const PuglTestOptions& opts);
+
+	sk::VulkanApi              vk;
+	sk::Instance               instance;
+	sk::DebugReportCallbackEXT debugCallback;
+};
+
+/// Basic setup of graphics device
+struct GraphicsDevice {
+	VkResult init(const pugl::VulkanLoader& loader,
+	              const VulkanContext&      context,
+	              pugl::View&               view,
+	              const PuglTestOptions&    opts);
+
+	sk::SurfaceKHR     surface;
+	sk::PhysicalDevice physicalDevice{};
+	uint32_t           graphicsIndex{};
+	VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat{};
+	VkPresentModeKHR   presentMode{};
+	VkPresentModeKHR   resizePresentMode{};
+	sk::Device         device{};
+	sk::Queue          graphicsQueue{};
+	sk::CommandPool    commandPool{};
+};
+
+/// Buffer allocated on the GPU
+struct Buffer {
+	VkResult init(const sk::VulkanApi&  vk,
+	              const GraphicsDevice& gpu,
+	              VkDeviceSize          size,
+	              VkBufferUsageFlags    usage,
+	              VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties);
+
+	sk::Buffer       buffer;
+	sk::DeviceMemory deviceMemory;
+};
+
+/// A set of frames that can be rendered concurrently
+struct Swapchain {
+	VkResult init(const sk::VulkanApi&     vk,
+	              const GraphicsDevice&    gpu,
+	              VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities,
+	              VkExtent2D               extent,
+	              VkSwapchainKHR           oldSwapchain,
+	              bool                     resizing);
+
+	VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR   capabilities{};
+	VkExtent2D                 extent{};
+	sk::SwapchainKHR           swapchain{};
+	std::vector<sk::ImageView> imageViews{};
+};
+
+/// A pass that renders to a target
+struct RenderPass {
+	VkResult init(const sk::VulkanApi&  vk,
+	              const GraphicsDevice& gpu,
+	              const Swapchain&      swapchain);
+
+	sk::RenderPass                                   renderPass;
+	std::vector<sk::Framebuffer>                     framebuffers;
+	sk::CommandBuffers<std::vector<VkCommandBuffer>> commandBuffers;
+};
+
+/// Uniform buffer for constant data used in shaders
+struct UniformBufferObject {
+	mat4 projection;
+};
+
+/// Rectangle data that does not depend on renderer configuration
+struct RectData {
+	VkResult
+	init(const sk::VulkanApi& vk, const GraphicsDevice& gpu, size_t nRects);
+
+	sk::DescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout{};
+	Buffer                  uniformBuffer{};
+	sk::MappedMemory        uniformData{};
+	Buffer                  modelBuffer{};
+	Buffer                  instanceBuffer{};
+	sk::MappedMemory        vertexData{};
+	size_t                  numRects{};
+};
+
+/// Shader modules for drawing rectangles
+struct RectShaders {
+	VkResult init(const sk::VulkanApi& vk, const GraphicsDevice& gpu);
+
+	sk::ShaderModule vert{};
+	sk::ShaderModule frag{};
+};
+
+/// A pipeline to render rectangles with our shaders
+struct RectPipeline {
+	VkResult init(const sk::VulkanApi&  vk,
+	              const GraphicsDevice& gpu,
+	              const RectData&       rectData,
+	              const RectShaders&    shaders,
+	              const Swapchain&      swapchain,
+	              const RenderPass&     renderPass);
+
+	sk::DescriptorPool                               descriptorPool{};
+	sk::DescriptorSets<std::vector<VkDescriptorSet>> descriptorSets{};
+	sk::PipelineLayout                               pipelineLayout{};
+	std::array<sk::Pipeline, 1>                      pipelines{};
+	uint32_t                                         numImages{};
+};
+
+/// Synchronization primites used to coordinate drawing frames
+struct RenderSync {
+	VkResult
+	init(const sk::VulkanApi& vk, const sk::Device& device, uint32_t numImages);
+
+	std::vector<sk::Semaphore> imageAvailable{};
+	std::vector<sk::Semaphore> renderFinished{};
+	std::vector<sk::Fence>     inFlight{};
+	size_t                     currentFrame{};
+};
+
+/// Renderer that owns the above and everything required to draw
+struct Renderer {
+	VkResult init(const sk::VulkanApi&  vk,
+	              const GraphicsDevice& gpu,
+	              const RectData&       rectData,
+	              const RectShaders&    rectShaders,
+	              VkExtent2D            extent,
+	              bool                  resizing);
+
+	VkResult recreate(const sk::VulkanApi&  vk,
+	                  const sk::SurfaceKHR& surface,
+	                  const GraphicsDevice& gpu,
+	                  const RectData&       rectData,
+	                  const RectShaders&    rectShaders,
+	                  VkExtent2D            extent,
+	                  bool                  resizing);
+
+	Swapchain    swapchain;
+	RenderPass   renderPass;
+	RectPipeline rectPipeline;
+	RenderSync   sync;
+};
+
+VkResult
+selectSurfaceFormat(const sk::VulkanApi&      vk,
+                    const sk::PhysicalDevice& physicalDevice,
+                    const sk::SurfaceKHR&     surface,
+                    VkSurfaceFormatKHR&       surfaceFormat)
+{
+	std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;
+	if (VkResult r = vk.getPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(physicalDevice,
+	                                                       surface,
+	                                                       formats)) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	for (const auto& format : formats) {
+		if (format.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM &&
+		    format.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {
+			surfaceFormat = format;
+			return VK_SUCCESS;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return VK_ERROR_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+}
+
+VkResult
+selectPresentMode(const sk::VulkanApi&      vk,
+                  const sk::PhysicalDevice& physicalDevice,
+                  const sk::SurfaceKHR&     surface,
+                  const bool                multiBuffer,
+                  const bool                sync,
+                  VkPresentModeKHR&         presentMode)
+{
+	// Map command line options to mode priorities
+	static constexpr VkPresentModeKHR priorities[][2][4] = {
+	    {
+	        // No double buffer, no sync
+	        {VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR,
+	         VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR,
+	         VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR,
+	         VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR},
+
+	        // No double buffer, sync (nonsense, map to FIFO relaxed)
+	        {VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR,
+	         VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR,
+	         VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR,
+	         VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR},
+	    },
+	    {
+	        // Double buffer, no sync
+	        {
+	            VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR,
+	            VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR,
+	            VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR,
+	            VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR,
+	        },
+
+	        // Double buffer, sync
+	        {VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR,
+	         VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR,
+	         VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR,
+	         VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR},
+	    },
+	};
+
+	std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> modes;
+	if (VkResult r = vk.getPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(physicalDevice,
+	                                                            surface,
+	                                                            modes)) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	const auto& tryModes = priorities[bool(multiBuffer)][bool(sync)];
+	for (const auto m : tryModes) {
+		if (std::find(modes.begin(), modes.end(), m) != modes.end()) {
+			presentMode = m;
+			return VK_SUCCESS;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return VK_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DRIVER;
+}
+
+VkResult
+openDevice(const sk::VulkanApi&      vk,
+           const sk::PhysicalDevice& physicalDevice,
+           const uint32_t            graphicsFamilyIndex,
+           sk::Device&               device)
+{
+	const float       graphicsQueuePriority = 1.0f;
+	const char* const swapchainName         = "VK_KHR_swapchain";
+
+	const VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo{
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO,
+	    nullptr,
+	    0u,
+	    graphicsFamilyIndex,
+	    SK_COUNTED(1u, &graphicsQueuePriority),
+	};
+
+	const VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO,
+	                                    nullptr,
+	                                    0u,
+	                                    SK_COUNTED(1u, &queueCreateInfo),
+	                                    SK_COUNTED(0u, nullptr), // Deprecated
+	                                    SK_COUNTED(1u, &swapchainName),
+	                                    nullptr};
+
+	return vk.createDevice(physicalDevice, createInfo, device);
+}
+
+/// Return whether the physical device supports the extensions we require
+VkResult
+deviceSupportsRequiredExtensions(const sk::VulkanApi&      vk,
+                                 const sk::PhysicalDevice& device,
+                                 bool&                     supported)
+{
+	VkResult r = VK_SUCCESS;
+
+	std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> props;
+	if ((r = vk.enumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, props))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	supported = std::any_of(props.begin(),
+	                        props.end(),
+	                        [&](const VkExtensionProperties& e) {
+		                        return !strcmp(e.extensionName,
+		                                       "VK_KHR_swapchain");
+	                        });
+
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/// Return the index of the graphics queue, if there is one
+VkResult
+findGraphicsQueue(const sk::VulkanApi&      vk,
+                  const sk::SurfaceKHR&     surface,
+                  const sk::PhysicalDevice& device,
+                  uint32_t&                 queueIndex)
+{
+	VkResult r = VK_SUCCESS;
+
+	std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueProps;
+	if ((r = vk.getPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, queueProps))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	for (uint32_t q = 0u; q < queueProps.size(); ++q) {
+		if (queueProps[q].queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) {
+			bool supported = false;
+			if ((r = vk.getPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(
+			         device, q, surface, supported))) {
+				return r;
+			}
+
+			if (supported) {
+				queueIndex = q;
+				return VK_SUCCESS;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return VK_ERROR_FEATURE_NOT_PRESENT;
+}
+
+/// Select a physical graphics device to use (simply the first found)
+VkResult
+selectPhysicalDevice(const sk::VulkanApi&     vk,
+                     const sk::Instance&      instance,
+                     const sk::SurfaceKHR&    surface,
+                     PhysicalDeviceSelection& selection)
+{
+	VkResult r = VK_SUCCESS;
+
+	std::vector<sk::PhysicalDevice> devices;
+	if ((r = vk.enumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, devices))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	for (const auto& device : devices) {
+		auto supported = false;
+		if ((r = deviceSupportsRequiredExtensions(vk, device, supported))) {
+			return r;
+		}
+
+		if (supported) {
+			auto queueIndex = 0u;
+			if ((r = findGraphicsQueue(vk, surface, device, queueIndex))) {
+				return r;
+			}
+
+			selection = PhysicalDeviceSelection{device, queueIndex};
+			return VK_SUCCESS;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return VK_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DISPLAY_KHR;
+}
+
+VkResult
+GraphicsDevice::init(const pugl::VulkanLoader& loader,
+                     const VulkanContext&      context,
+                     pugl::View&               view,
+                     const PuglTestOptions&    opts)
+{
+	const auto& vk = context.vk;
+	VkResult    r  = VK_SUCCESS;
+
+	// Create a Vulkan surface for the window using the Pugl API
+	VkSurfaceKHR surfaceHandle = {};
+	if ((r = pugl::createSurface(
+	         loader, view, context.instance, nullptr, &surfaceHandle))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	// Wrap surface in a safe RAII handle
+	surface = sk::SurfaceKHR{surfaceHandle,
+	                         {context.instance, vk.vkDestroySurfaceKHR}};
+
+	PhysicalDeviceSelection physicalDeviceSelection = {};
+	// Select a physical device to use
+	if ((r = selectPhysicalDevice(
+	         vk, context.instance, surface, physicalDeviceSelection))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	physicalDevice = physicalDeviceSelection.physicalDevice;
+	graphicsIndex  = physicalDeviceSelection.graphicsFamilyIndex;
+
+	if ((r = selectSurfaceFormat(vk, physicalDevice, surface, surfaceFormat)) ||
+	    (r = selectPresentMode(vk,
+	                           physicalDevice,
+	                           surface,
+	                           opts.doubleBuffer,
+	                           opts.sync,
+	                           presentMode)) ||
+	    (r = selectPresentMode(
+	         vk, physicalDevice, surface, true, false, resizePresentMode)) ||
+	    (r = openDevice(vk, physicalDevice, graphicsIndex, device))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	const VkCommandPoolCreateInfo commandPoolInfo{
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO, nullptr, {}, graphicsIndex};
+
+	if ((r = vk.createCommandPool(device, commandPoolInfo, commandPool))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	graphicsQueue = vk.getDeviceQueue(device, graphicsIndex, 0);
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+uint32_t
+findMemoryType(const sk::VulkanApi&         vk,
+               const sk::PhysicalDevice&    physicalDevice,
+               const uint32_t               typeFilter,
+               const VkMemoryPropertyFlags& properties)
+{
+	VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties =
+	    vk.getPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physicalDevice);
+
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; ++i) {
+		if ((typeFilter & (1 << i)) &&
+		    (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties) ==
+		        properties) {
+			return i;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return UINT32_MAX;
+}
+
+VkResult
+Buffer::init(const sk::VulkanApi&        vk,
+             const GraphicsDevice&       gpu,
+             const VkDeviceSize          size,
+             const VkBufferUsageFlags    usage,
+             const VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties)
+{
+	const VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO,
+	                                    nullptr,
+	                                    {},
+	                                    size,
+	                                    usage,
+	                                    VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE,
+	                                    SK_COUNTED(0, nullptr)};
+
+	const auto& device = gpu.device;
+
+	VkResult r = VK_SUCCESS;
+	if ((r = vk.createBuffer(device, bufferInfo, buffer))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	const auto requirements    = vk.getBufferMemoryRequirements(device, buffer);
+	const auto memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(vk,
+	                                            gpu.physicalDevice,
+	                                            requirements.memoryTypeBits,
+	                                            properties);
+
+	if (memoryTypeIndex == UINT32_MAX) {
+		return VK_ERROR_FEATURE_NOT_PRESENT;
+	}
+
+	const VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO,
+	                                     nullptr,
+	                                     requirements.size,
+	                                     memoryTypeIndex};
+
+	if ((r = vk.allocateMemory(device, allocInfo, deviceMemory)) ||
+	    (r = vk.bindBufferMemory(device, buffer, deviceMemory, 0))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+VkResult
+Swapchain::init(const sk::VulkanApi&           vk,
+                const GraphicsDevice&          gpu,
+                const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR surfaceCapabilities,
+                const VkExtent2D               surfaceExtent,
+                VkSwapchainKHR                 oldSwapchain,
+                bool                           resizing)
+{
+	capabilities = surfaceCapabilities;
+	extent       = surfaceExtent;
+
+	const auto minNumImages = (!capabilities.maxImageCount ||
+	                           capabilities.maxImageCount >= 3u)
+	                              ? 3u
+	                              : capabilities.maxImageCount;
+
+	const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR swapchainCreateInfo{
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR,
+	    nullptr,
+	    {},
+	    gpu.surface,
+	    minNumImages,
+	    gpu.surfaceFormat.format,
+	    gpu.surfaceFormat.colorSpace,
+	    surfaceExtent,
+	    1,
+	    (VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT),
+	    VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE,
+	    SK_COUNTED(0, nullptr),
+	    capabilities.currentTransform,
+	    VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_INHERIT_BIT_KHR,
+	    resizing ? gpu.resizePresentMode : gpu.presentMode,
+	    VK_TRUE,
+	    oldSwapchain};
+
+	VkResult             r = VK_SUCCESS;
+	std::vector<VkImage> images;
+	if ((r = vk.createSwapchainKHR(gpu.device,
+	                               swapchainCreateInfo,
+	                               swapchain)) ||
+	    (r = vk.getSwapchainImagesKHR(gpu.device, swapchain, images))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	imageViews = std::vector<sk::ImageView>(images.size());
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < images.size(); ++i) {
+		const VkImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo{
+		    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO,
+		    nullptr,
+		    {},
+		    images[i],
+		    VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D,
+		    gpu.surfaceFormat.format,
+		    {},
+		    {VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 1}};
+
+		if ((r = vk.createImageView(gpu.device,
+		                            imageViewCreateInfo,
+		                            imageViews[i]))) {
+			return r;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+VkResult
+RenderPass::init(const sk::VulkanApi&  vk,
+                 const GraphicsDevice& gpu,
+                 const Swapchain&      swapchain)
+{
+	const auto numImages = static_cast<uint32_t>(swapchain.imageViews.size());
+
+	assert(numImages > 0);
+
+	// Create command buffers
+	const VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo commandBufferAllocateInfo{
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO,
+	    nullptr,
+	    gpu.commandPool,
+	    VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY,
+	    numImages};
+
+	VkResult r = VK_SUCCESS;
+	if ((r = vk.allocateCommandBuffers(gpu.device,
+	                                   commandBufferAllocateInfo,
+	                                   commandBuffers))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	static constexpr VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef{
+	    0, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL};
+
+	static constexpr VkSubpassDescription subpass{
+	    {},
+	    VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,
+	    SK_COUNTED(0, nullptr),
+	    SK_COUNTED(1, &colorAttachmentRef, nullptr, nullptr),
+	    SK_COUNTED(0u, nullptr)};
+
+	static constexpr VkSubpassDependency dependency{
+	    VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL,
+	    0,
+	    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
+	    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
+	    (VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT |
+	     VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT),
+	    {},
+	    {}};
+
+	const VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment{
+	    {},
+	    gpu.surfaceFormat.format,
+	    VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT,
+	    VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR,
+	    VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE,
+	    VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE,
+	    VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE,
+	    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
+	    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR,
+	};
+
+	const VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassCreateInfo{
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO,
+	    nullptr,
+	    {},
+	    SK_COUNTED(1, &colorAttachment),
+	    SK_COUNTED(1, &subpass),
+	    SK_COUNTED(1, &dependency)};
+
+	if ((r = vk.createRenderPass(gpu.device,
+	                             renderPassCreateInfo,
+	                             renderPass))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	// Create framebuffers
+	framebuffers = std::vector<sk::Framebuffer>(numImages);
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < numImages; ++i) {
+		const VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferCreateInfo{
+		    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO,
+		    nullptr,
+		    {},
+		    renderPass,
+		    SK_COUNTED(1, &swapchain.imageViews[i].get()),
+		    swapchain.extent.width,
+		    swapchain.extent.height,
+		    1};
+
+		if ((r = vk.createFramebuffer(gpu.device,
+		                              framebufferCreateInfo,
+		                              framebuffers[i]))) {
+			return r;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+std::vector<uint32_t>
+readFile(const std::string& filename)
+{
+	std::unique_ptr<FILE, decltype(&fclose)> file{fopen(filename.c_str(), "rb"),
+	                                              &fclose};
+
+	if (!file) {
+		return {};
+	}
+
+	fseek(file.get(), 0, SEEK_END);
+	const auto fileSize = static_cast<size_t>(ftell(file.get()));
+	fseek(file.get(), 0, SEEK_SET);
+
+	const auto            numWords = fileSize / sizeof(uint32_t);
+	std::vector<uint32_t> buffer(numWords);
+
+	fread(buffer.data(), sizeof(uint32_t), numWords, file.get());
+
+	return buffer;
+}
+
+VkResult
+createShaderModule(const sk::VulkanApi&         vk,
+                   const GraphicsDevice&        gpu,
+                   const std::vector<uint32_t>& code,
+                   sk::ShaderModule&            shaderModule)
+{
+	const VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo{
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO,
+	    nullptr,
+	    {},
+	    code.size() * sizeof(uint32_t),
+	    code.data()};
+
+	return vk.createShaderModule(gpu.device, createInfo, shaderModule);
+}
+
+VkResult
+RectShaders::init(const sk::VulkanApi& vk, const GraphicsDevice& gpu)
+{
+	auto vertShaderCode = readFile("build/shaders/rect.vert.spv");
+	auto fragShaderCode = readFile("build/shaders/rect.frag.spv");
+
+	if (vertShaderCode.empty() || fragShaderCode.empty()) {
+		return VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED;
+	}
+
+	VkResult r = VK_SUCCESS;
+	if ((r = createShaderModule(vk, gpu, vertShaderCode, vert)) ||
+	    (r = createShaderModule(vk, gpu, fragShaderCode, frag))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+VkResult
+RectPipeline::init(const sk::VulkanApi&  vk,
+                   const GraphicsDevice& gpu,
+                   const RectData&       rectData,
+                   const RectShaders&    shaders,
+                   const Swapchain&      swapchain,
+                   const RenderPass&     renderPass)
+{
+	const auto oldNumImages = numImages;
+	VkResult   r            = VK_SUCCESS;
+
+	numImages      = static_cast<uint32_t>(swapchain.imageViews.size());
+	pipelines      = {};
+	pipelineLayout = {};
+	descriptorSets = {};
+
+	if (numImages != oldNumImages) {
+		// Create layout descriptor pool
+
+		const VkDescriptorPoolSize poolSize{VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
+		                                    numImages};
+
+		const VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo descriptorPoolCreateInfo{
+		    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO,
+		    nullptr,
+		    VK_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_FREE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_BIT,
+		    numImages,
+		    1u,
+		    &poolSize};
+		if ((r = vk.createDescriptorPool(gpu.device,
+		                                 descriptorPoolCreateInfo,
+		                                 descriptorPool))) {
+			return r;
+		}
+	}
+
+	const std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayout> layouts(
+	    numImages, rectData.descriptorSetLayout.get());
+
+	const VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo descriptorSetAllocateInfo{
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO,
+	    nullptr,
+	    descriptorPool,
+	    numImages,
+	    layouts.data()};
+	if ((r = vk.allocateDescriptorSets(gpu.device,
+	                                   descriptorSetAllocateInfo,
+	                                   descriptorSets))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	const VkDescriptorBufferInfo bufferInfo{rectData.uniformBuffer.buffer,
+	                                        0,
+	                                        sizeof(UniformBufferObject)};
+
+	const std::array<VkWriteDescriptorSet, 1> descriptorWrites{
+	    {{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET,
+	      nullptr,
+	      descriptorSets[0],
+	      0,
+	      0,
+	      1,
+	      VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
+	      nullptr,
+	      &bufferInfo,
+	      nullptr}}};
+
+	const std::array<VkCopyDescriptorSet, 0> descriptorCopies{};
+
+	vk.updateDescriptorSets(gpu.device, descriptorWrites, descriptorCopies);
+
+	static constexpr std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 4>
+	    vertexAttributeDescriptions{
+	        {// Model
+	         {0u, 0u, VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT, 0},
+
+	         // Rect instance attributes
+	         {1u, 1u, VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT, offsetof(Rect, pos)},
+	         {2u, 1u, VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT, offsetof(Rect, size)},
+	         {3u,
+	          1u,
+	          VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT,
+	          offsetof(Rect, fillColor)}}};
+
+	static constexpr std::array<VkVertexInputBindingDescription, 2>
+	    vertexBindingDescriptions{
+	        VkVertexInputBindingDescription{0,
+	                                        sizeof(vec2),
+	                                        VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX},
+	        VkVertexInputBindingDescription{1u,
+	                                        sizeof(Rect),
+	                                        VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_INSTANCE}};
+
+	static constexpr VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly{
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+	    nullptr,
+	    {},
+	    VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_STRIP,
+	    false};
+
+	static constexpr VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer{
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+	    nullptr,
+	    {},
+	    0,
+	    0,
+	    VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL,
+	    VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT,
+	    VK_FRONT_FACE_CLOCKWISE,
+	    0,
+	    0,
+	    0,
+	    0,
+	    1.0f};
+
+	static constexpr VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling{
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+	    nullptr,
+	    {},
+	    VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT,
+	    false,
+	    0.0f,
+	    nullptr,
+	    false,
+	    false};
+
+	static constexpr VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment{
+	    true,
+	    VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC_ALPHA,
+	    VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA,
+	    VK_BLEND_OP_ADD,
+	    VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE,
+	    VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO,
+	    VK_BLEND_OP_ADD,
+	    (VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT |
+	     VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT)};
+
+	const VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = {
+	    {VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+	     nullptr,
+	     {},
+	     VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT,
+	     shaders.vert.get(),
+	     "main",
+	     nullptr},
+	    {VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+	     nullptr,
+	     {},
+	     VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
+	     shaders.frag.get(),
+	     "main",
+	     nullptr}};
+
+	const VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo{
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+	    nullptr,
+	    {},
+	    SK_COUNTED(static_cast<uint32_t>(vertexBindingDescriptions.size()),
+	               vertexBindingDescriptions.data()),
+	    SK_COUNTED(static_cast<uint32_t>(vertexAttributeDescriptions.size()),
+	               vertexAttributeDescriptions.data())};
+
+	const VkViewport viewport{0.0f,
+	                          0.0f,
+	                          float(swapchain.extent.width),
+	                          float(swapchain.extent.height),
+	                          0.0f,
+	                          1.0f};
+
+	const VkRect2D scissor{{0, 0}, swapchain.extent};
+
+	const VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState{
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+	    nullptr,
+	    {},
+	    SK_COUNTED(1, &viewport),
+	    SK_COUNTED(1, &scissor)};
+
+	const VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending{
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+	    nullptr,
+	    {},
+	    false,
+	    VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY,
+	    SK_COUNTED(1, &colorBlendAttachment),
+	    {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}};
+
+	const VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo layoutInfo{
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO,
+	    nullptr,
+	    {},
+	    SK_COUNTED(1, &rectData.descriptorSetLayout.get()),
+	    SK_COUNTED(0, nullptr)};
+
+	if ((r = vk.createPipelineLayout(gpu.device, layoutInfo, pipelineLayout))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	const std::array<VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo, 1> pipelineInfos{
+	    {{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO,
+	      nullptr,
+	      {},
+	      SK_COUNTED(2, shaderStages),
+	      &vertexInputInfo,
+	      &inputAssembly,
+	      nullptr,
+	      &viewportState,
+	      &rasterizer,
+	      &multisampling,
+	      nullptr,
+	      &colorBlending,
+	      nullptr,
+	      pipelineLayout,
+	      renderPass.renderPass,
+	      0u,
+	      {},
+	      0}}};
+
+	if ((r = vk.createGraphicsPipelines(
+	         gpu.device, {}, pipelineInfos, pipelines))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+VkResult
+RectData::init(const sk::VulkanApi&  vk,
+               const GraphicsDevice& gpu,
+               const size_t          nRects)
+{
+	numRects = nRects;
+
+	static constexpr VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding uboLayoutBinding{
+	    0,
+	    VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
+	    1,
+	    VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT,
+	    nullptr};
+
+	const VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo descriptorSetLayoutInfo{
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO,
+	    nullptr,
+	    {},
+	    1,
+	    &uboLayoutBinding};
+
+	VkResult r = VK_SUCCESS;
+	if ((r = vk.createDescriptorSetLayout(gpu.device,
+	                                      descriptorSetLayoutInfo,
+	                                      descriptorSetLayout)) ||
+	    (r = uniformBuffer.init(vk,
+	                            gpu,
+	                            sizeof(UniformBufferObject),
+	                            VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
+	                            VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
+	                                VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT)) ||
+	    (r = vk.mapMemory(gpu.device,
+	                      uniformBuffer.deviceMemory,
+	                      0,
+	                      sizeof(UniformBufferObject),
+	                      {},
+	                      uniformData))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	const VkBufferUsageFlags usageFlags = (VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT |
+	                                       VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT |
+	                                       VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT);
+
+	const VkMemoryPropertyFlags propertyFlags =
+	    (VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
+	     VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);
+
+	if ((r = modelBuffer.init(
+	         vk, gpu, sizeof(rectVertices), usageFlags, propertyFlags))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	{
+		// Copy model vertices (directly, we do this only once)
+		sk::MappedMemory modelData;
+		if ((r = vk.mapMemory(gpu.device,
+		                      modelBuffer.deviceMemory,
+		                      0,
+		                      static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(sizeof(rectVertices)),
+		                      {},
+		                      modelData))) {
+			return r;
+		}
+
+		memcpy(modelData.get(), rectVertices, sizeof(rectVertices));
+	}
+
+	if ((r = instanceBuffer.init(
+	         vk, gpu, sizeof(Rect) * numRects, usageFlags, propertyFlags))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	// Map attribute vertices (we will update them every frame)
+	const auto rectsSize = static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(sizeof(Rect) * numRects);
+	if ((r = vk.mapMemory(gpu.device,
+	                      instanceBuffer.deviceMemory,
+	                      0,
+	                      rectsSize,
+	                      {},
+	                      vertexData))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+VkResult
+RenderSync::init(const sk::VulkanApi& vk,
+                 const sk::Device&    device,
+                 const uint32_t       numImages)
+{
+	const auto maxInFlight = std::max(1u, numImages - 1u);
+	VkResult   r           = VK_SUCCESS;
+
+	imageAvailable = std::vector<sk::Semaphore>(numImages);
+	renderFinished = std::vector<sk::Semaphore>(numImages);
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < numImages; ++i) {
+		static constexpr VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo{
+		    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO, nullptr, {}};
+
+		if ((r = vk.createSemaphore(device,
+		                            semaphoreInfo,
+		                            imageAvailable[i])) ||
+		    (r = vk.createSemaphore(device,
+		                            semaphoreInfo,
+		                            renderFinished[i]))) {
+			return r;
+		}
+	}
+
+	inFlight = std::vector<sk::Fence>(maxInFlight);
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < maxInFlight; ++i) {
+		static constexpr VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo{
+		    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO,
+		    nullptr,
+		    VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT};
+
+		if ((r = vk.createFence(device, fenceInfo, inFlight[i]))) {
+			return r;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+VkResult
+Renderer::init(const sk::VulkanApi&  vk,
+               const GraphicsDevice& gpu,
+               const RectData&       rectData,
+               const RectShaders&    rectShaders,
+               const VkExtent2D      extent,
+               bool                  resizing)
+{
+	VkResult                 r            = VK_SUCCESS;
+	VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities = {};
+
+	if ((r = vk.getPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(gpu.physicalDevice,
+	                                                    gpu.surface,
+	                                                    capabilities)) ||
+	    (r = swapchain.init(vk, gpu, capabilities, extent, {}, resizing)) ||
+	    (r = renderPass.init(vk, gpu, swapchain)) ||
+	    (r = rectPipeline.init(
+	         vk, gpu, rectData, rectShaders, swapchain, renderPass))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	const auto numFrames = static_cast<uint32_t>(swapchain.imageViews.size());
+	return sync.init(vk, gpu.device, numFrames);
+}
+
+VkResult
+Renderer::recreate(const sk::VulkanApi&  vk,
+                   const sk::SurfaceKHR& surface,
+                   const GraphicsDevice& gpu,
+                   const RectData&       rectData,
+                   const RectShaders&    rectShaders,
+                   const VkExtent2D      extent,
+                   bool                  resizing)
+{
+	VkResult   r            = VK_SUCCESS;
+	const auto oldNumImages = swapchain.imageViews.size();
+
+	VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities = {};
+	if ((r = vk.getPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(gpu.physicalDevice,
+	                                                    surface,
+	                                                    capabilities)) ||
+	    (r = swapchain.init(
+	         vk, gpu, capabilities, extent, swapchain.swapchain, resizing)) ||
+	    (r = renderPass.init(vk, gpu, swapchain)) ||
+	    (r = rectPipeline.init(
+	         vk, gpu, rectData, rectShaders, swapchain, renderPass))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	const auto numFrames = static_cast<uint32_t>(swapchain.imageViews.size());
+	if (swapchain.imageViews.size() != oldNumImages) {
+		return sync.init(vk, gpu.device, numFrames);
+	}
+
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+VKAPI_ATTR
+VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL
+debugCallback(VkDebugReportFlagsEXT flags,
+              VkDebugReportObjectTypeEXT,
+              uint64_t,
+              size_t,
+              int32_t,
+              const char* layerPrefix,
+              const char* msg,
+              void*)
+{
+	std::cerr << sk::string(static_cast<VkDebugReportFlagBitsEXT>(flags))
+	          << ": " << layerPrefix << ": " << msg << std::endl;
+
+	return VK_FALSE;
+}
+
+bool
+hasExtension(const char*                               name,
+             const std::vector<VkExtensionProperties>& properties)
+{
+	for (const auto& p : properties) {
+		if (!strcmp(p.extensionName, name)) {
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+bool
+hasLayer(const char* name, const std::vector<VkLayerProperties>& properties)
+{
+	for (const auto& p : properties) {
+		if (!strcmp(p.layerName, name)) {
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+template<class Value>
+void
+logInfo(const char* heading, const Value& value)
+{
+	std::cout << std::setw(26) << std::left << (std::string(heading) + ":")
+	          << value << std::endl;
+}
+
+VkResult
+createInstance(sk::VulkanInitApi&     initApi,
+               const PuglTestOptions& opts,
+               sk::Instance&          instance)
+{
+	VkResult r = VK_SUCCESS;
+
+	std::vector<VkLayerProperties>     layerProps;
+	std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> extProps;
+	if ((r = initApi.enumerateInstanceLayerProperties(layerProps)) ||
+	    (r = initApi.enumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(extProps))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	const auto puglExtensions = pugl::getInstanceExtensions();
+	auto       extensions     = std::vector<const char*>(puglExtensions.begin(),
+                                               puglExtensions.end());
+
+	// Add extra extensions we want to use if they are supported
+	if (hasExtension("VK_EXT_debug_report", extProps)) {
+		extensions.push_back("VK_EXT_debug_report");
+	}
+
+	// Add validation layers if error checking is enabled
+	std::vector<const char*> layers;
+	if (opts.errorChecking) {
+		for (const char* l : {"VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation",
+		                      "VK_LAYER_LUNARG_standard_validation"}) {
+			if (hasLayer(l, layerProps)) {
+				layers.push_back(l);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	for (const auto& e : extensions) {
+		logInfo("Using instance extension", e);
+	}
+
+	for (const auto& l : layers) {
+		logInfo("Using instance layer", l);
+	}
+
+	static constexpr VkApplicationInfo appInfo{
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO,
+	    nullptr,
+	    "Pugl Vulkan Demo",
+	    0,
+	    nullptr,
+	    0,
+	    VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0),
+	};
+
+	const VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo{
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO,
+	    nullptr,
+	    VkInstanceCreateFlags{},
+	    &appInfo,
+	    SK_COUNTED(uint32_t(layers.size()), layers.data()),
+	    SK_COUNTED(uint32_t(extensions.size()), extensions.data())};
+
+	return initApi.createInstance(createInfo, instance);
+}
+
+VkResult
+getDebugReportCallback(sk::VulkanApi&              api,
+                       sk::Instance&               instance,
+                       const bool                  verbose,
+                       sk::DebugReportCallbackEXT& callback)
+{
+	if (api.vkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT) {
+		VkDebugReportFlagsEXT flags =
+		    (VK_DEBUG_REPORT_WARNING_BIT_EXT |
+		     VK_DEBUG_REPORT_PERFORMANCE_WARNING_BIT_EXT |
+		     VK_DEBUG_REPORT_ERROR_BIT_EXT);
+
+		if (verbose) {
+			flags |= VK_DEBUG_REPORT_INFORMATION_BIT_EXT;
+			flags |= VK_DEBUG_REPORT_DEBUG_BIT_EXT;
+		}
+
+		const VkDebugReportCallbackCreateInfoEXT createInfo{
+		    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_REPORT_CREATE_INFO_EXT,
+		    nullptr,
+		    flags,
+		    debugCallback,
+		    nullptr};
+
+		return api.createDebugReportCallbackEXT(instance, createInfo, callback);
+	}
+
+	return VK_ERROR_FEATURE_NOT_PRESENT;
+}
+
+void
+recordCommandBuffer(sk::CommandScope&   cmd,
+                    const Swapchain&    swapchain,
+                    const RenderPass&   renderPass,
+                    const RectPipeline& rectPipeline,
+                    const RectData&     rectData,
+                    const size_t        imageIndex)
+{
+	const VkClearColorValue clearColorValue{{0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}};
+	const VkClearValue      clearValue{clearColorValue};
+
+	const VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassBegin{
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO,
+	    nullptr,
+	    renderPass.renderPass,
+	    renderPass.framebuffers[imageIndex],
+	    VkRect2D{{0, 0}, swapchain.extent},
+	    SK_COUNTED(1, &clearValue)};
+
+	auto pass = cmd.beginRenderPass(renderPassBegin,
+	                                VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
+
+	pass.bindPipeline(VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,
+	                  rectPipeline.pipelines[0]);
+
+	const std::array<VkDeviceSize, 1> offsets{0};
+	pass.bindVertexBuffers(
+	    0u, SK_COUNTED(1u, &rectData.modelBuffer.buffer.get(), offsets.data()));
+
+	pass.bindVertexBuffers(1u,
+	                       SK_COUNTED(1u,
+	                                  &rectData.instanceBuffer.buffer.get(),
+	                                  offsets.data()));
+
+	pass.bindDescriptorSets(VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,
+	                        rectPipeline.pipelineLayout,
+	                        0u,
+	                        SK_COUNTED(1u, rectPipeline.descriptorSets.get()),
+	                        0u,
+	                        nullptr);
+
+	pass.draw(4u, static_cast<uint32_t>(rectData.numRects), 0u, 0u);
+}
+
+VkResult
+recordCommandBuffers(const sk::VulkanApi& vk,
+                     const Swapchain&     swapchain,
+                     const RenderPass&    renderPass,
+                     const RectPipeline&  rectPipeline,
+                     const RectData&      rectData)
+{
+	VkResult r = VK_SUCCESS;
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < swapchain.imageViews.size(); ++i) {
+		const VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{
+		    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO,
+		    nullptr,
+		    VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_SIMULTANEOUS_USE_BIT,
+		    nullptr};
+
+		auto* const commandBuffer = renderPass.commandBuffers[i];
+		auto        cmd = vk.beginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, beginInfo);
+		if (!cmd) {
+			return cmd.error();
+		}
+
+		recordCommandBuffer(
+		    cmd, swapchain, renderPass, rectPipeline, rectData, i);
+
+		if ((r = cmd.end())) {
+			return r;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+class PuglVulkanDemo;
+
+class View : public pugl::View
+{
+public:
+	View(pugl::World& world, PuglVulkanDemo& app)
+	    : pugl::View{world}
+	    , _app{app}
+	{}
+
+	pugl::Status onConfigure(const pugl::ConfigureEvent& event) override;
+	pugl::Status onUpdate(const pugl::UpdateEvent& event) override;
+	pugl::Status onExpose(const pugl::ExposeEvent& event) override;
+	pugl::Status onLoopEnter(const pugl::LoopEnterEvent& event) override;
+	pugl::Status onTimer(const pugl::TimerEvent& event) override;
+	pugl::Status onLoopLeave(const pugl::LoopLeaveEvent& event) override;
+	pugl::Status onKeyPress(const pugl::KeyPressEvent& event) override;
+	pugl::Status onClose(const pugl::CloseEvent& event) override;
+
+private:
+	PuglVulkanDemo& _app;
+};
+
+class PuglVulkanDemo
+{
+public:
+	PuglVulkanDemo(const PuglTestOptions& o, size_t numRects);
+
+	PuglTestOptions    opts;
+	pugl::World        world;
+	pugl::VulkanLoader loader;
+	View               view;
+	VulkanContext      vulkan;
+	GraphicsDevice     gpu;
+	Renderer           renderer;
+	RectData           rectData;
+	RectShaders        rectShaders;
+	uint32_t           framesDrawn{0};
+	VkExtent2D         extent{512u, 512u};
+	std::vector<Rect>  rects;
+	bool               resizing{false};
+	bool               quit{false};
+};
+
+std::vector<Rect>
+makeRects(const size_t numRects, const uint32_t windowWidth)
+{
+	std::vector<Rect> rects(numRects);
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < numRects; ++i) {
+		rects[i] = makeRect(i, static_cast<float>(windowWidth));
+	}
+
+	return rects;
+}
+
+PuglVulkanDemo::PuglVulkanDemo(const PuglTestOptions& o, const size_t numRects)
+    : opts{o}
+    , world{pugl::WorldType::program,
+            static_cast<pugl::WorldFlags>(pugl::WorldFlag::threads)} // FIXME?
+    , loader{world}
+    , view{world, *this}
+    , rects{makeRects(numRects, extent.width)}
+{}
+
+VkResult
+recreateRenderer(PuglVulkanDemo&       app,
+                 const sk::VulkanApi&  vk,
+                 const GraphicsDevice& gpu,
+                 const VkExtent2D      extent,
+                 const RectData&       rectData,
+                 const RectShaders&    rectShaders)
+{
+	VkResult                 r            = VK_SUCCESS;
+	VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities = {};
+	if ((r = vk.getPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(gpu.physicalDevice,
+	                                                    gpu.surface,
+	                                                    capabilities))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	// There is a known race issue here, so we clamp and hope for the best
+	const VkExtent2D clampedExtent{
+	    std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.width,
+	             std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.width, extent.width)),
+	    std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.height,
+	             std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.height, extent.height))};
+
+	if ((r = vk.deviceWaitIdle(gpu.device)) ||
+	    (r = app.renderer.recreate(vk,
+	                               gpu.surface,
+	                               gpu,
+	                               rectData,
+	                               rectShaders,
+	                               clampedExtent,
+	                               app.resizing))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	// Reset current (initially signaled) fence because we already waited
+	vk.resetFence(gpu.device,
+	              app.renderer.sync.inFlight[app.renderer.sync.currentFrame]);
+
+	// Record new command buffers
+	return recordCommandBuffers(vk,
+	                            app.renderer.swapchain,
+	                            app.renderer.renderPass,
+	                            app.renderer.rectPipeline,
+	                            rectData);
+}
+
+pugl::Status
+View::onConfigure(const pugl::ConfigureEvent& event)
+{
+	// We just record the size here and lazily resize the surface when exposed
+	_app.extent = {static_cast<uint32_t>(event.width),
+	               static_cast<uint32_t>(event.height)};
+
+	return pugl::Status::success;
+}
+
+pugl::Status
+View::onUpdate(const pugl::UpdateEvent&)
+{
+	return postRedisplay();
+}
+
+VkResult
+beginFrame(PuglVulkanDemo& app, const sk::Device& device, uint32_t& imageIndex)
+{
+	const auto& vk = app.vulkan.vk;
+
+	VkResult r = VK_SUCCESS;
+
+	// Wait until we can start rendering the next frame
+	if ((r = vk.waitForFence(
+	         device,
+	         app.renderer.sync.inFlight[app.renderer.sync.currentFrame])) ||
+	    (r = vk.resetFence(
+	         device,
+	         app.renderer.sync.inFlight[app.renderer.sync.currentFrame]))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	// Rebuild the renderer first if the window size has changed
+	if (app.extent.width != app.renderer.swapchain.extent.width ||
+	    app.extent.height != app.renderer.swapchain.extent.height) {
+		if ((r = recreateRenderer(app,
+		                          vk,
+		                          app.gpu,
+		                          app.extent,
+		                          app.rectData,
+		                          app.rectShaders))) {
+			return r;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Acquire the next image to render, rebuilding if necessary
+	while (
+	    (r = vk.acquireNextImageKHR(
+	         device,
+	         app.renderer.swapchain.swapchain,
+	         UINT64_MAX,
+	         app.renderer.sync.imageAvailable[app.renderer.sync.currentFrame],
+	         {},
+	         &imageIndex))) {
+		switch (r) {
+		case VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR:
+		case VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR:
+			if ((r = recreateRenderer(app,
+			                          vk,
+			                          app.gpu,
+			                          app.renderer.swapchain.extent,
+			                          app.rectData,
+			                          app.rectShaders))) {
+				return r;
+			}
+			continue;
+		default:
+			return r;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+void
+update(PuglVulkanDemo& app, const double time)
+{
+	// Animate rectangles
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < app.rects.size(); ++i) {
+		moveRect(&app.rects[i],
+		         i,
+		         app.rects.size(),
+		         static_cast<float>(app.extent.width),
+		         static_cast<float>(app.extent.height),
+		         time);
+	}
+
+	// Update vertex buffer
+	memcpy(app.rectData.vertexData.get(),
+	       app.rects.data(),
+	       sizeof(Rect) * app.rects.size());
+
+	// Update uniform buffer
+	UniformBufferObject ubo = {{}};
+	mat4Ortho(ubo.projection,
+	          0.0f,
+	          float(app.renderer.swapchain.extent.width),
+	          0.0f,
+	          float(app.renderer.swapchain.extent.height),
+	          -1.0f,
+	          1.0f);
+
+	memcpy(app.rectData.uniformData.get(), &ubo, sizeof(ubo));
+}
+
+VkResult
+endFrame(const sk::VulkanApi&  vk,
+         const GraphicsDevice& gpu,
+         const Renderer&       renderer,
+         const uint32_t        imageIndex)
+{
+	const auto currentFrame = renderer.sync.currentFrame;
+	VkResult   r            = VK_SUCCESS;
+
+	static constexpr VkPipelineStageFlags waitStage =
+	    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
+
+	const VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO,
+	    nullptr,
+	    SK_COUNTED(1, &renderer.sync.imageAvailable[currentFrame].get()),
+	    &waitStage,
+	    SK_COUNTED(1, &renderer.renderPass.commandBuffers[imageIndex]),
+	    SK_COUNTED(1, &renderer.sync.renderFinished[imageIndex].get())};
+
+	if ((r = vk.queueSubmit(gpu.graphicsQueue,
+	                        submitInfo,
+	                        renderer.sync.inFlight[currentFrame]))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	const VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo{
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR,
+	    nullptr,
+	    SK_COUNTED(1, &renderer.sync.renderFinished[imageIndex].get()),
+	    SK_COUNTED(1, &renderer.swapchain.swapchain.get(), &imageIndex),
+	    nullptr};
+
+	switch ((r = vk.queuePresentKHR(gpu.graphicsQueue, presentInfo))) {
+	case VK_SUCCESS:               // Sucessfully presented
+	case VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR:        // Probably a resize race, ignore
+	case VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR: // Probably a resize race, ignore
+		break;
+	default:
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+pugl::Status
+View::onExpose(const pugl::ExposeEvent&)
+{
+	const auto& vk  = _app.vulkan.vk;
+	const auto& gpu = _app.gpu;
+
+	// Acquire the next image, waiting and/or rebuilding if necessary
+	auto nextImageIndex = 0u;
+	if (beginFrame(_app, gpu.device, nextImageIndex)) {
+		return pugl::Status::unknownError;
+	}
+
+	// Ready to go, update the data to the current time
+	update(_app, world().time());
+
+	// Submit the frame to the queue and present it
+	endFrame(vk, gpu, _app.renderer, nextImageIndex);
+
+	++_app.framesDrawn;
+	++_app.renderer.sync.currentFrame;
+	_app.renderer.sync.currentFrame %= _app.renderer.sync.inFlight.size();
+
+	return pugl::Status::success;
+}
+
+pugl::Status
+View::onLoopEnter(const pugl::LoopEnterEvent&)
+{
+	_app.resizing = true;
+	startTimer(resizeTimerId,
+	           1.0 / static_cast<double>(getHint(pugl::ViewHint::refreshRate)));
+
+	return pugl::Status::success;
+}
+
+pugl::Status
+View::onTimer(const pugl::TimerEvent&)
+{
+	return postRedisplay();
+}
+
+pugl::Status
+View::onLoopLeave(const pugl::LoopLeaveEvent&)
+{
+	stopTimer(resizeTimerId);
+
+	// Trigger a swapchain recreation with the normal present mode
+	_app.renderer.swapchain.extent = {};
+	_app.resizing                  = false;
+
+	return pugl::Status::success;
+}
+
+pugl::Status
+View::onKeyPress(const pugl::KeyPressEvent& event)
+{
+	if (event.key == PUGL_KEY_ESCAPE || event.key == 'q') {
+		_app.quit = true;
+	}
+
+	return pugl::Status::success;
+}
+
+pugl::Status
+View::onClose(const pugl::CloseEvent&)
+{
+	_app.quit = true;
+
+	return pugl::Status::success;
+}
+
+VkResult
+VulkanContext::init(pugl::VulkanLoader& loader, const PuglTestOptions& opts)
+{
+	VkResult r = VK_SUCCESS;
+
+	sk::VulkanInitApi initApi{};
+
+	// Load Vulkan API and set up the fundamentals
+	if ((r = initApi.init(loader.getInstanceProcAddrFunc())) ||
+	    (r = createInstance(initApi, opts, instance)) ||
+	    (r = vk.init(initApi, instance)) ||
+	    (r = getDebugReportCallback(
+	         vk, instance, opts.verbose, debugCallback))) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int
+run(const PuglTestOptions opts, const size_t numRects)
+{
+	PuglVulkanDemo app{opts, numRects};
+
+	VkResult   r      = VK_SUCCESS;
+	const auto width  = static_cast<int>(app.extent.width);
+	const auto height = static_cast<int>(app.extent.height);
+
+	// Realize window so we can set up Vulkan
+	app.world.setClassName("PuglVulkanDemo");
+	app.view.setWindowTitle("Pugl Vulkan Demo");
+	app.view.setAspectRatio(1, 1, 16, 9);
+	app.view.setDefaultSize(width, height);
+	app.view.setMinSize(width / 4, height / 4);
+	app.view.setBackend(pugl::vulkanBackend());
+	app.view.setHint(pugl::ViewHint::resizable, opts.resizable);
+	const pugl::Status st = app.view.realize();
+	if (st != pugl::Status::success) {
+		return logError("Failed to create window (%s)\n", pugl::strerror(st));
+	}
+
+	if (!app.loader) {
+		return logError("Failed to load Vulkan library\n");
+	}
+
+	// Load Vulkan for the view
+	if ((r = app.vulkan.init(app.loader, opts))) {
+		return logError("Failed to set up Vulkan API (%s)\n", sk::string(r));
+	}
+
+	const auto& vk = app.vulkan.vk;
+
+	// Set up the graphics device
+	if ((r = app.gpu.init(app.loader, app.vulkan, app.view, opts))) {
+		return logError("Failed to set up device (%s)\n", sk::string(r));
+	}
+
+	logInfo("Present mode", sk::string(app.gpu.presentMode));
+	logInfo("Resize present mode", sk::string(app.gpu.resizePresentMode));
+
+	// Set up the rectangle data we will render every frame
+	if ((r = app.rectData.init(vk, app.gpu, app.rects.size()))) {
+		return logError("Failed to allocate render data (%s)\n", sk::string(r));
+	}
+
+	// Load shader modules
+	if ((r = app.rectShaders.init(vk, app.gpu))) {
+		return logError("Failed to load shaders (%s)\n", sk::string(r));
+	}
+
+	if ((r = app.renderer.init(app.vulkan.vk,
+	                           app.gpu,
+	                           app.rectData,
+	                           app.rectShaders,
+	                           app.extent,
+	                           false))) {
+		return logError("Failed to create renderer (%s)\n", sk::string(r));
+	}
+
+	logInfo("Swapchain frames",
+	        std::to_string(app.renderer.swapchain.imageViews.size()));
+	logInfo("Frames in flight",
+	        std::to_string(app.renderer.sync.inFlight.size()));
+
+	recordCommandBuffers(app.vulkan.vk,
+	                     app.renderer.swapchain,
+	                     app.renderer.renderPass,
+	                     app.renderer.rectPipeline,
+	                     app.rectData);
+
+	const int    refreshRate   = app.view.getHint(pugl::ViewHint::refreshRate);
+	const double frameDuration = 1.0 / static_cast<double>(refreshRate);
+	const double timeout       = app.opts.sync ? frameDuration : 0.0;
+
+	PuglFpsPrinter fpsPrinter = {app.world.time()};
+	app.view.showWindow();
+	while (!app.quit) {
+		app.world.update(timeout);
+		puglPrintFps(app.world.cobj(), &fpsPrinter, &app.framesDrawn);
+	}
+
+	if ((r = app.vulkan.vk.deviceWaitIdle(app.gpu.device))) {
+		return logError("Failed to wait for device idle (%s)\n", sk::string(r));
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
+{
+	// Parse command line options
+	const PuglTestOptions opts = puglParseTestOptions(&argc, &argv);
+	if (opts.help) {
+		puglPrintTestUsage(argv[0], "");
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	// Parse number of rectangles argument, if given
+	int64_t numRects = 1000;
+	if (argc >= 1) {
+		char* endptr = nullptr;
+		numRects     = strtol(argv[0], &endptr, 10);
+		if (endptr != argv[0] + strlen(argv[0]) || numRects < 1) {
+			logError("Invalid number of rectangles: %s\n", argv[0]);
+			return 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Run application
+	return run(opts, static_cast<size_t>(numRects));
+}
diff --git a/examples/pugl_vulkan_demo.c b/examples/pugl_vulkan_demo.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef4550a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/pugl_vulkan_demo.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1134 @@
+/*
+  Copyright 2019-2020 David Robillard <http://drobilla.net>
+  Copyright 2019 Jordan Halase <jordan@halase.me>
+
+  Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
+  purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+  copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+
+  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+  WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+  MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+  ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+  WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+  ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+  OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+*/
+
+/**
+   @file pugl_vulkan_demo.c
+   @brief A simple example of drawing with Vulkan.
+*/
+
+#include "demo_utils.h"
+#include "test/test_utils.h"
+
+#include "pugl/pugl.h"
+#include "pugl/pugl_vulkan.h"
+
+#include <vulkan/vk_platform.h>
+#include <vulkan/vulkan_core.h>
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define CLAMP(x, l, h) ((x) <= (l) ? (l) : (x) >= (h) ? (h) : (x))
+
+// Vulkan allocation callbacks which can be used for debugging
+#define ALLOC_VK NULL
+
+// Helper macro for allocating arrays by type, with C++ compatible cast
+#define AALLOC(size, Type) ((Type*)calloc(size, sizeof(Type)))
+
+// Helper macro for counted array arguments to make clang-format behave
+#define COUNTED(count, ...) count, __VA_ARGS__
+
+/// Dynamically loaded Vulkan API functions
+typedef struct {
+	PFN_vkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT  vkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT;
+	PFN_vkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT vkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT;
+} InstanceAPI;
+
+/// Vulkan swapchain and everything that depends on it
+typedef struct {
+	VkSwapchainKHR   rawSwapchain;
+	uint32_t         nImages;
+	VkExtent2D       extent;
+	VkImage*         images;
+	VkImageView*     imageViews;
+	VkFence*         fences;
+	VkCommandBuffer* commandBuffers;
+} Swapchain;
+
+/// Synchronization semaphores
+typedef struct {
+	VkSemaphore presentComplete;
+	VkSemaphore renderFinished;
+} Sync;
+
+/// Vulkan state, purely Vulkan functions can depend on only this
+typedef struct {
+	InstanceAPI                api;
+	VkInstance                 instance;
+	VkDebugReportCallbackEXT   debugCallback;
+	VkSurfaceKHR               surface;
+	VkSurfaceFormatKHR         surfaceFormat;
+	VkPresentModeKHR           presentMode;
+	VkPhysicalDeviceProperties deviceProperties;
+	VkPhysicalDevice           physicalDevice;
+	uint32_t                   graphicsIndex;
+	VkDevice                   device;
+	VkQueue                    graphicsQueue;
+	VkCommandPool              commandPool;
+	Swapchain*                 swapchain;
+	Sync                       sync;
+} VulkanState;
+
+/// Complete application
+typedef struct {
+	PuglTestOptions opts;
+	PuglWorld*      world;
+	PuglView*       view;
+	VulkanState     vk;
+	uint32_t        framesDrawn;
+	uint32_t        width;
+	uint32_t        height;
+	bool            quit;
+} VulkanApp;
+
+static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL
+debugCallback(VkDebugReportFlagsEXT      flags,
+              VkDebugReportObjectTypeEXT objType,
+              uint64_t                   obj,
+              size_t                     location,
+              int32_t                    code,
+              const char*                layerPrefix,
+              const char*                msg,
+              void*                      userData)
+{
+	(void)userData;
+	(void)objType;
+	(void)obj;
+	(void)location;
+	(void)code;
+
+	if (flags & VK_DEBUG_REPORT_INFORMATION_BIT_EXT) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "note: ");
+	} else if (flags & VK_DEBUG_REPORT_WARNING_BIT_EXT) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "warning: ");
+	} else if (flags & VK_DEBUG_REPORT_PERFORMANCE_WARNING_BIT_EXT) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "performance warning: ");
+	} else if (flags & VK_DEBUG_REPORT_ERROR_BIT_EXT) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "error: ");
+	} else if (flags & VK_DEBUG_REPORT_DEBUG_BIT_EXT) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "debug: ");
+	}
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", layerPrefix);
+	fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", msg);
+	return VK_FALSE;
+}
+
+static bool
+hasExtension(const char* const                  name,
+             const VkExtensionProperties* const properties,
+             const uint32_t                     count)
+{
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+		if (!strcmp(properties[i].extensionName, name)) {
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+static bool
+hasLayer(const char* const              name,
+         const VkLayerProperties* const properties,
+         const uint32_t                 count)
+{
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+		if (!strcmp(properties[i].layerName, name)) {
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+static void
+pushString(const char*** const array,
+           uint32_t* const     count,
+           const char* const   string)
+{
+	*array = (const char**)realloc(*array, (*count + 1) * sizeof(const char*));
+	(*array)[*count] = string;
+	++*count;
+}
+
+static VkResult
+createInstance(VulkanApp* const app)
+{
+	const VkApplicationInfo appInfo = {
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO,
+	    NULL,
+	    "Pugl Vulkan Test",
+	    VK_MAKE_VERSION(0, 1, 0),
+	    "Pugl Vulkan Test Engine",
+	    VK_MAKE_VERSION(0, 1, 0),
+	    VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0),
+	};
+
+	// Get the number of supported extensions and layers
+	VkResult vr          = VK_SUCCESS;
+	uint32_t nExtProps   = 0;
+	uint32_t nLayerProps = 0;
+	if ((vr = vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&nLayerProps, NULL)) ||
+	    (vr = vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(NULL, &nExtProps, NULL))) {
+		return vr;
+	}
+
+	// Get properties of supported extensions
+	VkExtensionProperties* extProps = AALLOC(nExtProps, VkExtensionProperties);
+	vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(NULL, &nExtProps, extProps);
+
+	uint32_t     nExtensions = 0;
+	const char** extensions  = NULL;
+
+	// Add extensions required by pugl
+	uint32_t           nPuglExts = 0;
+	const char* const* puglExts  = puglGetInstanceExtensions(&nPuglExts);
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < nPuglExts; ++i) {
+		pushString(&extensions, &nExtensions, puglExts[i]);
+	}
+
+	// Add extra extensions we want to use if they are supported
+	if (hasExtension("VK_EXT_debug_report", extProps, nExtProps)) {
+		pushString(&extensions, &nExtensions, "VK_EXT_debug_report");
+	}
+
+	// Get properties of supported layers
+	VkLayerProperties* layerProps = AALLOC(nLayerProps, VkLayerProperties);
+	vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&nLayerProps, layerProps);
+
+	// Add validation layers if error checking is enabled
+	uint32_t     nLayers = 0;
+	const char** layers  = NULL;
+	if (app->opts.errorChecking) {
+		const char* debugLayers[] = {"VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation",
+		                             "VK_LAYER_LUNARG_standard_validation",
+		                             NULL};
+
+		for (const char** l = debugLayers; *l; ++l) {
+			if (hasLayer(*l, layerProps, nLayerProps)) {
+				pushString(&layers, &nLayers, *l);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < nExtensions; ++i) {
+		printf("Using instance extension:    %s\n", extensions[i]);
+	}
+
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < nLayers; ++i) {
+		printf("Using instance layer:        %s\n", layers[i]);
+	}
+
+	const VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo = {
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO,
+	    NULL,
+	    0,
+	    &appInfo,
+	    COUNTED(nLayers, layers),
+	    COUNTED(nExtensions, extensions),
+	};
+
+	if ((vr = vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, ALLOC_VK, &app->vk.instance))) {
+		logError("Could not create Vulkan Instance: %d\n", vr);
+	}
+
+	free(layers);
+	free(extensions);
+	free(layerProps);
+	free(extProps);
+
+	return vr;
+}
+
+static VkResult
+enableDebugging(VulkanState* const vk)
+{
+	vk->api.vkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT =
+	    (PFN_vkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(
+	        vk->instance, "vkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT");
+
+	vk->api.vkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT =
+	    (PFN_vkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(
+	        vk->instance, "vkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT");
+
+	if (vk->api.vkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT) {
+		const VkDebugReportCallbackCreateInfoEXT info = {
+		    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_REPORT_CALLBACK_CREATE_INFO_EXT,
+		    NULL,
+		    VK_DEBUG_REPORT_ERROR_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_REPORT_WARNING_BIT_EXT,
+		    debugCallback,
+		    NULL,
+		};
+
+		VkResult vr = VK_SUCCESS;
+		if ((vr = vk->api.vkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT(
+		         vk->instance, &info, ALLOC_VK, &vk->debugCallback))) {
+			logError("Could not create debug reporter: %d\n", vr);
+			return vr;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static VkResult
+getGraphicsQueueIndex(VkSurfaceKHR     surface,
+                      VkPhysicalDevice device,
+                      uint32_t*        graphicsIndex)
+{
+	VkResult r = VK_SUCCESS;
+
+	uint32_t nProps = 0;
+	vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &nProps, NULL);
+
+	VkQueueFamilyProperties* props = AALLOC(nProps, VkQueueFamilyProperties);
+	vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &nProps, props);
+
+	for (uint32_t q = 0; q < nProps; ++q) {
+		if (props[q].queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) {
+			VkBool32 supported = false;
+			if ((r = vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(
+			         device, q, surface, &supported))) {
+				free(props);
+				return r;
+			} else if (supported) {
+				*graphicsIndex = q;
+				free(props);
+				return VK_SUCCESS;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	free(props);
+	return VK_ERROR_FEATURE_NOT_PRESENT;
+}
+
+static bool
+supportsRequiredExtensions(const VkPhysicalDevice device)
+{
+	uint32_t nExtProps = 0;
+	vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, NULL, &nExtProps, NULL);
+
+	VkExtensionProperties* extProps = AALLOC(nExtProps, VkExtensionProperties);
+	vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, NULL, &nExtProps, extProps);
+
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < nExtProps; ++i) {
+		if (!strcmp(extProps[i].extensionName,
+		            VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME)) {
+			free(extProps);
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	free(extProps);
+	return false;
+}
+
+static bool
+isDeviceSuitable(const VulkanState* const vk,
+                 const VkPhysicalDevice   device,
+                 uint32_t* const          graphicsIndex)
+{
+	if (!supportsRequiredExtensions(device) ||
+	    getGraphicsQueueIndex(vk->surface, device, graphicsIndex)) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+/**
+   Selects a physical graphics device.
+
+   This doesn't try to be clever, and just selects the first suitable device.
+*/
+static VkResult
+selectPhysicalDevice(VulkanState* const vk)
+{
+	VkResult vr = VK_SUCCESS;
+	if (!vk->surface) {
+		logError("Cannot select a physical device without a surface\n");
+		return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
+	}
+
+	uint32_t nDevices = 0;
+	if ((vr = vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(vk->instance, &nDevices, NULL))) {
+		logError("Failed to get count of physical devices: %d\n", vr);
+		return vr;
+	}
+
+	if (!nDevices) {
+		logError("No physical devices found\n");
+		return VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST;
+	}
+
+	VkPhysicalDevice* devices = AALLOC(nDevices, VkPhysicalDevice);
+	if ((vr = vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(vk->instance, &nDevices, devices))) {
+		logError("Failed to enumerate physical devices: %d\n", vr);
+		free(devices);
+		return vr;
+	}
+
+	uint32_t i = 0;
+	for (i = 0; i < nDevices; ++i) {
+		VkPhysicalDeviceProperties deviceProps = {0};
+		vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(devices[i], &deviceProps);
+
+		uint32_t graphicsIndex = 0;
+		if (isDeviceSuitable(vk, devices[i], &graphicsIndex)) {
+			printf("Using device %u/%u:            \"%s\"\n",
+			       i + 1,
+			       nDevices,
+			       deviceProps.deviceName);
+			vk->deviceProperties = deviceProps;
+			vk->physicalDevice   = devices[i];
+			vk->graphicsIndex    = graphicsIndex;
+			printf("Using graphics queue family: %u\n", vk->graphicsIndex);
+			break;
+		}
+
+		printf("Device \"%s\" not suitable\n", deviceProps.deviceName);
+	}
+
+	if (i >= nDevices) {
+		logError("No suitable devices found\n");
+		vr = VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST;
+	}
+
+	free(devices);
+	return vr;
+}
+
+/// Opens the logical device and sets up the queue and command pool
+static VkResult
+openDevice(VulkanState* const vk)
+{
+	if (vk->device) {
+		logError("Renderer already has an opened device\n");
+		return VK_NOT_READY;
+	}
+
+	const float       graphicsQueuePriority = 1.0f;
+	const char* const swapchainName         = VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME;
+
+	const VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo = {
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO,
+	    NULL,
+	    0,
+	    vk->graphicsIndex,
+	    COUNTED(1, &graphicsQueuePriority),
+	};
+
+	const VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo = {
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO,
+	    NULL,
+	    0,
+	    COUNTED(1, &queueCreateInfo),
+	    COUNTED(0, NULL),
+	    COUNTED(1, &swapchainName),
+	    NULL,
+	};
+
+	VkDevice device = NULL;
+	VkResult vr     = VK_SUCCESS;
+	if ((vr = vkCreateDevice(
+	         vk->physicalDevice, &createInfo, ALLOC_VK, &device))) {
+		logError("Could not open device \"%s\": %d\n",
+		         vk->deviceProperties.deviceName,
+		         vr);
+		return vr;
+	}
+
+	vk->device = device;
+	vkGetDeviceQueue(vk->device, vk->graphicsIndex, 0, &vk->graphicsQueue);
+
+	const VkCommandPoolCreateInfo commandInfo = {
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO,
+	    NULL,
+	    0,
+	    vk->graphicsIndex,
+	};
+
+	if ((vr = vkCreateCommandPool(
+	         vk->device, &commandInfo, ALLOC_VK, &vk->commandPool))) {
+		logError("Could not create command pool: %d\n", vr);
+		return vr;
+	}
+
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static const char*
+presentModeString(const VkPresentModeKHR presentMode)
+{
+	switch (presentMode) {
+	case VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR:
+		return "Immediate";
+	case VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR:
+		return "Mailbox";
+	case VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR:
+		return "FIFO";
+	case VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR:
+		return "FIFO relaxed";
+	default:
+		return "Other";
+	}
+}
+
+static bool
+hasPresentMode(const VkPresentModeKHR        mode,
+               const VkPresentModeKHR* const presentModes,
+               const uint32_t                nPresentModes)
+{
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < nPresentModes; ++i) {
+		if (presentModes[i] == mode) {
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+/// Configure the surface for the currently opened device
+static VkResult
+configureSurface(VulkanState* const vk)
+{
+	uint32_t nFormats = 0;
+	vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(vk->physicalDevice,
+	                                     vk->surface,
+	                                     &nFormats,
+	                                     NULL);
+	if (!nFormats) {
+		logError("No surface formats available\n");
+		return VK_ERROR_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+	}
+
+	VkSurfaceFormatKHR* surfaceFormats = AALLOC(nFormats, VkSurfaceFormatKHR);
+	vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(vk->physicalDevice,
+	                                     vk->surface,
+	                                     &nFormats,
+	                                     surfaceFormats);
+
+	const VkSurfaceFormatKHR want = {VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM,
+	                                 VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR};
+
+	uint32_t formatIndex = 0;
+	for (formatIndex = 0; formatIndex < nFormats; ++formatIndex) {
+		if (surfaceFormats[formatIndex].format == want.format &&
+		    surfaceFormats[formatIndex].colorSpace == want.colorSpace) {
+			vk->surfaceFormat = want;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	free(surfaceFormats);
+	if (formatIndex >= nFormats) {
+		logError("Could not find a suitable surface format\n");
+		return VK_ERROR_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+	}
+
+	uint32_t nPresentModes = 0;
+	vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(vk->physicalDevice,
+	                                          vk->surface,
+	                                          &nPresentModes,
+	                                          NULL);
+	if (!nPresentModes) {
+		logError("No present modes available\n");
+		return VK_ERROR_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+	}
+
+	VkPresentModeKHR* presentModes = AALLOC(nPresentModes, VkPresentModeKHR);
+	vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(vk->physicalDevice,
+	                                          vk->surface,
+	                                          &nPresentModes,
+	                                          presentModes);
+
+	const VkPresentModeKHR tryModes[] = {
+	    VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR,
+	    VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR,
+	    VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR,
+	    VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR,
+	};
+
+	VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < sizeof(tryModes) / sizeof(VkPresentModeKHR); ++i) {
+		if (hasPresentMode(tryModes[i], presentModes, nPresentModes)) {
+			presentMode = tryModes[i];
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	free(presentModes);
+	vk->presentMode = presentMode;
+	printf("Using present mode:          \"%s\" (%u)\n",
+	       presentModeString(presentMode),
+	       presentMode);
+
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static VkResult
+createRawSwapchain(VulkanState* const vk,
+                   const uint32_t     width,
+                   const uint32_t     height)
+{
+	VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR surfaceCapabilities;
+	VkResult                 vr = VK_SUCCESS;
+	if ((vr = vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(
+	         vk->physicalDevice, vk->surface, &surfaceCapabilities))) {
+		logError("Could not get surface capabilities: %d\n", vr);
+		return vr;
+	}
+
+	/* There is a known race condition with window/surface sizes, so we clamp
+	   to what Vulkan reports and hope for the best. */
+
+	vk->swapchain->extent.width =
+	    CLAMP(width,
+	          surfaceCapabilities.minImageExtent.width,
+	          surfaceCapabilities.maxImageExtent.width);
+
+	vk->swapchain->extent.height =
+	    CLAMP(height,
+	          surfaceCapabilities.minImageExtent.height,
+	          surfaceCapabilities.maxImageExtent.height);
+
+	vk->swapchain->nImages = surfaceCapabilities.minImageCount;
+
+	const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo = {
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR,
+	    NULL,
+	    0,
+	    vk->surface,
+	    vk->swapchain->nImages,
+	    vk->surfaceFormat.format,
+	    VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR,
+	    vk->swapchain->extent,
+	    1,
+	    (VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT),
+	    VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE,
+	    COUNTED(0, NULL),
+	    surfaceCapabilities.currentTransform,
+	    VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR,
+	    vk->presentMode,
+	    VK_TRUE,
+	    0,
+	};
+
+	if ((vr = vkCreateSwapchainKHR(vk->device,
+	                               &createInfo,
+	                               ALLOC_VK,
+	                               &vk->swapchain->rawSwapchain))) {
+		logError("Could not create swapchain: %d\n", vr);
+		return vr;
+	}
+
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static VkResult
+recordCommandBuffers(VulkanState* const vk)
+{
+	const VkClearColorValue clearValue = {{
+	    0xA4 / (float)0x100, // R
+	    0x1E / (float)0x100, // G
+	    0x22 / (float)0x100, // B
+	    0xFF / (float)0x100, // A
+	}};
+
+	const VkImageSubresourceRange range = {
+	    VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
+	    0,
+	    1,
+	    0,
+	    1,
+	};
+
+	const VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO,
+	    NULL,
+	    VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_SIMULTANEOUS_USE_BIT,
+	    NULL,
+	};
+
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < vk->swapchain->nImages; ++i) {
+		const VkImageMemoryBarrier toClearBarrier = {
+		    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
+		    NULL,
+		    VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT,
+		    VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT,
+		    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
+		    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
+		    vk->graphicsIndex,
+		    vk->graphicsIndex,
+		    vk->swapchain->images[i],
+		    range,
+		};
+
+		const VkImageMemoryBarrier toPresentBarrier = {
+		    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
+		    NULL,
+		    VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT,
+		    VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT,
+		    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
+		    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR,
+		    vk->graphicsIndex,
+		    vk->graphicsIndex,
+		    vk->swapchain->images[i],
+		    range,
+		};
+
+		vkBeginCommandBuffer(vk->swapchain->commandBuffers[i], &beginInfo);
+
+		vkCmdPipelineBarrier(vk->swapchain->commandBuffers[i],
+		                     VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
+		                     VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
+		                     0,
+		                     COUNTED(0, NULL),
+		                     COUNTED(0, NULL),
+		                     COUNTED(1, &toClearBarrier));
+
+		vkCmdClearColorImage(vk->swapchain->commandBuffers[i],
+		                     vk->swapchain->images[i],
+		                     VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
+		                     &clearValue,
+		                     COUNTED(1, &range));
+
+		vkCmdPipelineBarrier(vk->swapchain->commandBuffers[i],
+		                     VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
+		                     VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT,
+		                     0,
+		                     COUNTED(0, NULL),
+		                     COUNTED(0, NULL),
+		                     COUNTED(1, &toPresentBarrier));
+
+		vkEndCommandBuffer(vk->swapchain->commandBuffers[i]);
+	}
+
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static VkResult
+createSwapchain(VulkanState* const vk,
+                const uint32_t     width,
+                const uint32_t     height)
+{
+	VkResult vr = VK_SUCCESS;
+
+	vk->swapchain = AALLOC(1, Swapchain);
+	if ((vr = createRawSwapchain(vk, width, height))) {
+		return vr;
+	}
+
+	if ((vr = vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(vk->device,
+	                                  vk->swapchain->rawSwapchain,
+	                                  &vk->swapchain->nImages,
+	                                  NULL))) {
+		logError("Failed to query swapchain images: %d\n", vr);
+		return vr;
+	}
+
+	vk->swapchain->images = AALLOC(vk->swapchain->nImages, VkImage);
+	if ((vr = vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(vk->device,
+	                                  vk->swapchain->rawSwapchain,
+	                                  &vk->swapchain->nImages,
+	                                  vk->swapchain->images))) {
+		logError("Failed to get swapchain images: %d\n", vr);
+		return vr;
+	}
+
+	const VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo = {
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO,
+	    NULL,
+	    vk->commandPool,
+	    VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY,
+	    vk->swapchain->nImages,
+	};
+
+	vk->swapchain->commandBuffers = AALLOC(vk->swapchain->nImages,
+	                                       VkCommandBuffer);
+
+	if ((vr = vkAllocateCommandBuffers(vk->device,
+	                                   &allocInfo,
+	                                   vk->swapchain->commandBuffers))) {
+		logError("Could not allocate command buffers: %d\n", vr);
+		return vr;
+	}
+
+	const VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo = {
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO,
+	    NULL,
+	    VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT,
+	};
+	vk->swapchain->fences = AALLOC(vk->swapchain->nImages, VkFence);
+
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < vk->swapchain->nImages; ++i) {
+		if ((vr = vkCreateFence(vk->device,
+		                        &fenceInfo,
+		                        ALLOC_VK,
+		                        &vk->swapchain->fences[i]))) {
+			logError("Could not create render finished fence: %d\n", vr);
+			return vr;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ((vr = recordCommandBuffers(vk))) {
+		logError("Failed to record command buffers\n");
+		return vr;
+	}
+
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static void
+destroySwapchain(VulkanState* const vk, Swapchain* const swapchain)
+{
+	if (!swapchain) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchain->nImages; ++i) {
+		if (swapchain->fences[i]) {
+			vkDestroyFence(vk->device, swapchain->fences[i], ALLOC_VK);
+		}
+
+		if (swapchain->imageViews && swapchain->imageViews[i]) {
+			vkDestroyImageView(vk->device, swapchain->imageViews[i], ALLOC_VK);
+		}
+	}
+
+	free(swapchain->fences);
+	swapchain->fences = NULL;
+	free(swapchain->imageViews);
+	swapchain->imageViews = NULL;
+
+	if (swapchain->images) {
+		free(swapchain->images);
+		swapchain->images = NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (swapchain->commandBuffers) {
+		vkFreeCommandBuffers(vk->device,
+		                     vk->commandPool,
+		                     swapchain->nImages,
+		                     swapchain->commandBuffers);
+		free(swapchain->commandBuffers);
+	}
+
+	if (swapchain->rawSwapchain) {
+		vkDestroySwapchainKHR(vk->device, swapchain->rawSwapchain, ALLOC_VK);
+	}
+
+	free(swapchain);
+}
+
+static VkResult
+createSyncObjects(VulkanState* const vk)
+{
+	const VkSemaphoreCreateInfo info = {
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO,
+	    NULL,
+	    0,
+	};
+
+	vkCreateSemaphore(vk->device, &info, ALLOC_VK, &vk->sync.presentComplete);
+	vkCreateSemaphore(vk->device, &info, ALLOC_VK, &vk->sync.renderFinished);
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static void
+destroySyncObjects(VulkanState* const vk)
+{
+	if (vk->sync.renderFinished) {
+		vkDestroySemaphore(vk->device, vk->sync.renderFinished, ALLOC_VK);
+		vk->sync.renderFinished = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	}
+	if (vk->sync.presentComplete) {
+		vkDestroySemaphore(vk->device, vk->sync.presentComplete, ALLOC_VK);
+		vk->sync.presentComplete = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+closeDevice(VulkanState* const vk)
+{
+	if (vk->device) {
+		vkDeviceWaitIdle(vk->device);
+		destroySyncObjects(vk);
+		destroySwapchain(vk, vk->swapchain);
+		if (vk->commandPool) {
+			vkDestroyCommandPool(vk->device, vk->commandPool, ALLOC_VK);
+			vk->commandPool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+		}
+		vk->graphicsQueue = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+		vkDestroyDevice(vk->device, ALLOC_VK);
+		vk->device = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+destroyWorld(VulkanApp* const app)
+{
+	VulkanState* vk = &app->vk;
+
+	if (vk) {
+		closeDevice(vk);
+
+		if (app->view) {
+			puglHideWindow(app->view);
+			puglFreeView(app->view);
+			app->view = NULL;
+		}
+		if (vk->debugCallback && vk->api.vkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT) {
+			vk->api.vkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT(vk->instance,
+			                                        vk->debugCallback,
+			                                        ALLOC_VK);
+			vk->debugCallback = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+		}
+		if (vk->surface) {
+			vkDestroySurfaceKHR(vk->instance, vk->surface, ALLOC_VK);
+			vk->surface = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+		}
+		if (vk->instance) {
+			fflush(stderr);
+			vkDestroyInstance(vk->instance, ALLOC_VK);
+			vk->instance = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+		}
+		if (app->world) {
+			puglFreeWorld(app->world);
+			app->world = NULL;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static PuglStatus
+onConfigure(PuglView* const view, const double width, const double height)
+{
+	VulkanApp* const app = (VulkanApp*)puglGetHandle(view);
+
+	// We just record the size here and lazily resize the surface when exposed
+	app->width  = (uint32_t)width;
+	app->height = (uint32_t)height;
+
+	return PUGL_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static PuglStatus
+recreateSwapchain(VulkanState* const vk,
+                  const uint32_t     width,
+                  const uint32_t     height)
+{
+	vkDeviceWaitIdle(vk->device);
+	destroySwapchain(vk, vk->swapchain);
+
+	if (createSwapchain(vk, width, height)) {
+		logError("Failed to recreate swapchain\n");
+		return PUGL_UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+	}
+
+	return PUGL_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static PuglStatus
+onExpose(PuglView* const view)
+{
+	VulkanApp*   app        = (VulkanApp*)puglGetHandle(view);
+	VulkanState* vk         = &app->vk;
+	uint32_t     imageIndex = 0;
+	VkResult     result     = VK_SUCCESS;
+
+	// Recreate swapchain if the window size has changed
+	const Swapchain* swapchain = vk->swapchain;
+	if (swapchain->extent.width != app->width ||
+	    swapchain->extent.height != app->height) {
+		recreateSwapchain(vk, app->width, app->height);
+	}
+
+	// Acquire the next image to render, rebuilding if necessary
+	while ((result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(vk->device,
+	                                       vk->swapchain->rawSwapchain,
+	                                       UINT64_MAX,
+	                                       vk->sync.presentComplete,
+	                                       VK_NULL_HANDLE,
+	                                       &imageIndex))) {
+		switch (result) {
+		case VK_SUCCESS:
+			break;
+		case VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR:
+		case VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR:
+			recreateSwapchain(vk, app->width, app->height);
+			continue;
+		default:
+			logError("Could not acquire swapchain image: %d\n", result);
+			return PUGL_UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Wait until we can start rendering this frame
+	vkWaitForFences(vk->device,
+	                COUNTED(1, &vk->swapchain->fences[imageIndex]),
+	                VK_TRUE,
+	                UINT64_MAX);
+	vkResetFences(vk->device, 1, &vk->swapchain->fences[imageIndex]);
+
+	const VkPipelineStageFlags waitStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
+
+	// Submit command buffer to render this frame
+	const VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = {
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO,
+	    NULL,
+	    COUNTED(1, &vk->sync.presentComplete),
+	    &waitStage,
+	    COUNTED(1, &vk->swapchain->commandBuffers[imageIndex]),
+	    COUNTED(1, &vk->sync.renderFinished)};
+	if ((result = vkQueueSubmit(vk->graphicsQueue,
+	                            1,
+	                            &submitInfo,
+	                            vk->swapchain->fences[imageIndex]))) {
+		logError("Could not submit to queue: %d\n", result);
+		return PUGL_FAILURE;
+	}
+
+	// Present this frame
+	const VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo = {
+	    VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR,
+	    NULL,
+	    COUNTED(1, &vk->sync.renderFinished),
+	    COUNTED(1, &vk->swapchain->rawSwapchain, &imageIndex, NULL),
+	};
+	if ((result = vkQueuePresentKHR(vk->graphicsQueue, &presentInfo))) {
+		logError("Could not present image: %d\n", result);
+	}
+
+	if (app->opts.continuous) {
+		++app->framesDrawn;
+	}
+
+	return PUGL_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static PuglStatus
+onEvent(PuglView* const view, const PuglEvent* const e)
+{
+	VulkanApp* const app = (VulkanApp*)puglGetHandle(view);
+
+	printEvent(e, "Event: ", app->opts.verbose);
+
+	switch (e->type) {
+	case PUGL_EXPOSE:
+		return onExpose(view);
+	case PUGL_CONFIGURE:
+		return onConfigure(view, e->configure.width, e->configure.height);
+	case PUGL_CLOSE:
+		app->quit = 1;
+		break;
+	case PUGL_KEY_PRESS:
+		switch (e->key.key) {
+		case PUGL_KEY_ESCAPE:
+		case 'q':
+			app->quit = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+		break;
+	default:
+		break;
+	}
+	return PUGL_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int
+main(int argc, char** argv)
+{
+	VulkanApp      app           = {0};
+	VulkanState*   vk            = &app.vk;
+	const uint32_t defaultWidth  = 640;
+	const uint32_t defaultHeight = 360;
+	const PuglRect frame         = {0, 0, defaultWidth, defaultHeight};
+
+	// Parse command line options
+	app.opts = puglParseTestOptions(&argc, &argv);
+	if (app.opts.help) {
+		puglPrintTestUsage(argv[0], "");
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	// Create world and view
+	if (!(app.world = puglNewWorld(PUGL_PROGRAM, PUGL_WORLD_THREADS))) {
+		return logError("Failed to create world\n");
+	} else if (!(app.view = puglNewView(app.world))) {
+		puglFreeWorld(app.world);
+		return logError("Failed to create Pugl World and View\n");
+	}
+
+	// Create Vulkan instance
+	if (createInstance(&app)) {
+		puglFreeWorld(app.world);
+		return logError("Failed to create instance\n");
+	}
+
+	// Create window
+	puglSetWindowTitle(app.view, "Pugl Vulkan");
+	puglSetFrame(app.view, frame);
+	puglSetHandle(app.view, &app);
+	puglSetBackend(app.view, puglVulkanBackend());
+	puglSetViewHint(app.view, PUGL_RESIZABLE, app.opts.resizable);
+	puglSetEventFunc(app.view, onEvent);
+	const PuglStatus st = puglRealize(app.view);
+	if (st) {
+		puglFreeWorld(app.world);
+		puglFreeView(app.view);
+		return logError("Failed to create window (%s)\n", puglStrerror(st));
+	}
+
+	// Create Vulkan surface for Window
+	PuglVulkanLoader* loader = puglNewVulkanLoader(app.world);
+	if (puglCreateSurface(
+	        loader, app.view, vk->instance, ALLOC_VK, &vk->surface)) {
+		return logError("Failed to create surface\n");
+	}
+
+	// Set up Vulkan
+	VkResult vr = VK_SUCCESS;
+	if ((vr = enableDebugging(vk)) ||                              //
+	    (vr = selectPhysicalDevice(vk)) ||                         //
+	    (vr = openDevice(vk)) ||                                   //
+	    (vr = configureSurface(vk)) ||                             //
+	    (vr = createSwapchain(vk, defaultWidth, defaultHeight)) || //
+	    (vr = createSyncObjects(vk))) {
+		destroyWorld(&app);
+		return logError("Failed to set up graphics (%d)\n", vr);
+	}
+
+	printf("Swapchain images:            %u\n", app.vk.swapchain->nImages);
+
+	PuglFpsPrinter fpsPrinter = {puglGetTime(app.world)};
+	puglShowWindow(app.view);
+	while (!app.quit) {
+		puglUpdate(app.world, -1.0);
+
+		if (app.opts.continuous) {
+			puglPrintFps(app.world, &fpsPrinter, &app.framesDrawn);
+		}
+	}
+
+	destroyWorld(&app);
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/examples/sybok.hpp b/examples/sybok.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8985547
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/sybok.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,2358 @@
+/*
+  Copyright 2020 David Robillard <http://drobilla.net>
+
+  Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
+  purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+  copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+
+  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+  WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+  MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+  ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+  WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+  ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+  OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+*/
+
+/**
+   @file sybok.hpp
+   @brief A minimal C++ wrapper for the Vulkan API.
+
+   This is a manually-written minimal wrapper for Vulkan.  It makes working
+   with Vulkan a little easier in C++, but takes a different approach than
+   vulkan.hpp.  In particular:
+
+   - Works nicely with dynamic loading.  Since the API itself is an object, it
+     is simple to ensure the dynamically loaded API (or a consistent API in
+     general) is used everywhere.  Passing a dispatch parameter to every
+     function as in vulkan.hpp makes dynamic loading extremely painful (not to
+     mention ugly), and mistakes tend to become link time errors.  This is, in
+     my opinion, a glaring design flaw, and the real reason why this wrapper
+     reluctantly exists.
+
+   - Explicit separation of the initial API that does not require an instance
+     to load, from the rest of the API that does.
+
+   - Opinionated use of scoped handles everywhere.
+
+   - Remains close to the C API so that code can be easily ported.  This means
+     that the pattern of return codes with output parameters is preserved,
+     except with smart handles that make leaks impossible.  While less pretty,
+     this does not require exceptions.
+
+   - No exceptions or RTTI required.
+
+   - A safe scoped API for commands that encodes the semantics of the Vulkan
+     API.  For example, it is statically impossible to call render scope
+     commands while not in a render scope.
+
+   - A reasonable amount of relatively readable code.
+
+   On the other hand, there are far fewer niceties, and the C API is used
+   directly as much as possible, particularly for structs (although they are
+   taken by const reference so they can be written inline).  There is only
+   support for a minimal portable subset of Vulkan 1.1 with a few portable KHR
+   extensions.
+
+   In short, if the above sounds appealing, or you want a minimal wrapper that
+   can be extended if necessary to suit your application, you might find this
+   useful.  If you want a fully-featured wrapper for Vulkan and don't care
+   about linker dependencies, you probably won't.
+*/
+
+#ifndef SYBOK_HPP
+#define SYBOK_HPP
+
+#define VK_NO_PROTOTYPES
+
+// On 64-bit platforms, all handles are "dispatchable" pointers
+#if defined(__LP64__) || defined(_WIN64) ||                            \
+    (defined(__x86_64__) && !defined(__ILP32__)) || defined(_M_X64) || \
+    defined(__ia64) || defined(_M_IA64) || defined(__aarch64__) ||     \
+    defined(__powerpc64__)
+
+#	define VK_DEFINE_NON_DISPATCHABLE_HANDLE(object) \
+		typedef struct object##_T* object;
+
+// On 32-bit platforms, some "non-dispatchable" handles are 64 bit integers
+#else
+
+/// Trivial wrapper class for a 64-bit integer handle for type safety
+template<class Tag>
+struct NonDispatchableHandle {
+	explicit operator uint64_t() const noexcept { return handle; }
+	explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return handle; }
+
+	uint64_t handle;
+};
+
+#	define VK_DEFINE_NON_DISPATCHABLE_HANDLE(object) \
+		using object = NonDispatchableHandle<struct Sk##object##Tag>;
+
+#endif
+
+#include <vulkan/vulkan_core.h>
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 201703L
+#	define SYBOK_NODISCARD [[nodiscard]]
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#	define SYBOK_NODISCARD [[gnu::warn_unused_result]]
+#else
+#	define SYBOK_NODISCARD
+#endif
+
+/// Helper macro to make array arguments format nicely
+#define SK_COUNTED(count, ...) count, __VA_ARGS__
+
+namespace sk {
+
+class CommandScope;
+class RenderCommandScope;
+
+static inline const char*
+string(const VkResult result)
+{
+	switch (result) {
+	case VK_SUCCESS:
+		return "Success";
+	case VK_NOT_READY:
+		return "Not Ready";
+	case VK_TIMEOUT:
+		return "Timeout";
+	case VK_EVENT_SET:
+		return "Event set";
+	case VK_EVENT_RESET:
+		return "Event reset";
+	case VK_INCOMPLETE:
+		return "Incomplete";
+	case VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY:
+		return "Out of host memory";
+	case VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY:
+		return "Out of device memory";
+	case VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED:
+		return "Initialization failed";
+	case VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST:
+		return "Device lost";
+	case VK_ERROR_MEMORY_MAP_FAILED:
+		return "Memory map failed";
+	case VK_ERROR_LAYER_NOT_PRESENT:
+		return "Layer not present";
+	case VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT:
+		return "Extension not present";
+	case VK_ERROR_FEATURE_NOT_PRESENT:
+		return "Feature not present";
+	case VK_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DRIVER:
+		return "Incompatible driver";
+	case VK_ERROR_TOO_MANY_OBJECTS:
+		return "Too many objects";
+	case VK_ERROR_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED:
+		return "Format not supported";
+	case VK_ERROR_FRAGMENTED_POOL:
+		return "Fragmented pool";
+	case VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_POOL_MEMORY: // Vulkan 1.1
+		return "Out of pool memory";
+	case VK_ERROR_INVALID_EXTERNAL_HANDLE: // Vulkan 1.1
+		return "Invalid external handle";
+	case VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR: // VK_KHR_surface
+		return "Surface lost";
+	case VK_ERROR_NATIVE_WINDOW_IN_USE_KHR: // VK_KHR_surface
+		return "Native window in use";
+	case VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR: // VK_KHR_swapchain
+		return "Suboptimal";
+	case VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR: // VK_KHR_swapchain
+		return "Out of date";
+	case VK_ERROR_VALIDATION_FAILED_EXT: // VK_EXT_debug_report
+		return "Validation failed";
+	default:
+		break;
+	}
+
+	return "Unknown error";
+}
+
+static inline const char*
+string(const VkPresentModeKHR presentMode)
+{
+	switch (presentMode) {
+	case VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR:
+		return "Immediate";
+	case VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR:
+		return "Mailbox";
+	case VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR:
+		return "FIFO";
+	case VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR:
+		return "Relaxed FIFO";
+	default:
+		break;
+	}
+
+	return "Unknown present mode";
+}
+
+static inline const char*
+string(const VkDebugReportFlagBitsEXT flag)
+{
+	switch (flag) {
+	case VK_DEBUG_REPORT_INFORMATION_BIT_EXT:
+		return "Information";
+	case VK_DEBUG_REPORT_WARNING_BIT_EXT:
+		return "Warning";
+	case VK_DEBUG_REPORT_PERFORMANCE_WARNING_BIT_EXT:
+		return "Performance Warning";
+	case VK_DEBUG_REPORT_ERROR_BIT_EXT:
+		return "Error";
+	case VK_DEBUG_REPORT_DEBUG_BIT_EXT:
+		return "Debug";
+	default:
+		break;
+	}
+
+	return "Unknown report";
+}
+
+template<class T>
+class GlobalDeleter
+{
+public:
+	using DestroyFunc = void (*)(T, const VkAllocationCallbacks*);
+
+	GlobalDeleter()  = default;
+	~GlobalDeleter() = default;
+
+	GlobalDeleter(DestroyFunc destroyFunc) noexcept
+	    : _destroyFunc{destroyFunc}
+	{}
+
+	GlobalDeleter(const GlobalDeleter&) = delete;
+	GlobalDeleter& operator=(const GlobalDeleter&) = delete;
+
+	GlobalDeleter(GlobalDeleter&& other) noexcept
+	{
+		std::swap(_destroyFunc, other._destroyFunc);
+	}
+
+	GlobalDeleter& operator=(GlobalDeleter&& other) noexcept
+	{
+		std::swap(_destroyFunc, other._destroyFunc);
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	void operator()(T handle) noexcept
+	{
+		if (_destroyFunc && handle) {
+			_destroyFunc(handle, nullptr);
+		}
+	}
+
+private:
+	DestroyFunc _destroyFunc{};
+};
+
+template<class T, class Parent>
+class DependantDeleter
+{
+public:
+	using DestroyFunc = void (*)(Parent, T, const VkAllocationCallbacks*);
+
+	DependantDeleter()  = default;
+	~DependantDeleter() = default;
+
+	DependantDeleter(Parent parent, DestroyFunc destroyFunc) noexcept
+	    : _parent{parent}
+	    , _destroyFunc{destroyFunc}
+	{}
+
+	DependantDeleter(const DependantDeleter&) = delete;
+	DependantDeleter& operator=(const DependantDeleter&) = delete;
+
+	DependantDeleter(DependantDeleter&& other) noexcept { swap(other); }
+
+	DependantDeleter& operator=(DependantDeleter&& other) noexcept
+	{
+		swap(other);
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	void operator()(T handle) noexcept
+	{
+		if (_parent && _destroyFunc && handle) {
+			_destroyFunc(_parent, handle, nullptr);
+		}
+	}
+
+private:
+	void swap(DependantDeleter& other) noexcept
+	{
+		std::swap(_parent, other._parent);
+		std::swap(_destroyFunc, other._destroyFunc);
+	}
+
+	Parent      _parent{};
+	DestroyFunc _destroyFunc{};
+};
+
+template<class T, class Pool, class FreeFuncResult>
+class PoolDeleter
+{
+public:
+	using FreeFunc = FreeFuncResult (*)(VkDevice, Pool, uint32_t, const T*);
+
+	PoolDeleter() noexcept  = default;
+	~PoolDeleter() noexcept = default;
+
+	PoolDeleter(VkDevice device,
+	            Pool     pool,
+	            uint32_t count,
+	            FreeFunc freeFunc) noexcept
+	    : _device{device}
+	    , _pool{pool}
+	    , _count{count}
+	    , _freeFunc{freeFunc}
+	{}
+
+	PoolDeleter(const PoolDeleter&) = delete;
+	PoolDeleter& operator=(const PoolDeleter&) = delete;
+
+	PoolDeleter(PoolDeleter&& other) noexcept { swap(other); }
+
+	PoolDeleter& operator=(PoolDeleter&& other) noexcept
+	{
+		swap(other);
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	void operator()(T* handle) noexcept
+	{
+		if (_device && _pool && handle) {
+			_freeFunc(_device, _pool, _count, handle);
+		}
+	}
+
+private:
+	void swap(PoolDeleter& other) noexcept
+	{
+		std::swap(_device, other._device);
+		std::swap(_pool, other._pool);
+		std::swap(_count, other._count);
+		std::swap(_freeFunc, other._freeFunc);
+	}
+
+	VkDevice _device{};
+	Pool     _pool{};
+	uint32_t _count{};
+	FreeFunc _freeFunc{};
+};
+
+template<class T, class TDeleter>
+class UniqueDispatchableHandle
+{
+public:
+	using Deleter = TDeleter;
+	using Handle  = T;
+
+	static_assert(std::is_pointer<T>::value, "");
+
+	UniqueDispatchableHandle() = default;
+
+	UniqueDispatchableHandle(Handle handle, Deleter deleter) noexcept
+	    : _handle{handle}
+	    , _deleter{std::move(deleter)}
+	{}
+
+	~UniqueDispatchableHandle() noexcept
+	{
+		if (_handle) {
+			_deleter(_handle);
+		}
+	}
+
+	UniqueDispatchableHandle(const UniqueDispatchableHandle&) noexcept = delete;
+	UniqueDispatchableHandle&
+	operator=(const UniqueDispatchableHandle&) noexcept = delete;
+
+	UniqueDispatchableHandle(UniqueDispatchableHandle&& other) noexcept
+	{
+		swap(other);
+	}
+
+	UniqueDispatchableHandle&
+	operator=(UniqueDispatchableHandle&& other) noexcept
+	{
+		swap(other);
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	const Handle& get() const noexcept { return _handle; }
+
+	operator Handle() const noexcept { return _handle; }
+
+private:
+	void swap(UniqueDispatchableHandle& other) noexcept
+	{
+		std::swap(_handle, other._handle);
+		std::swap(_deleter, other._deleter);
+	}
+
+	Handle  _handle{};
+	Deleter _deleter{};
+};
+
+#if defined(__LP64__) || defined(_WIN64) ||                            \
+    (defined(__x86_64__) && !defined(__ILP32__)) || defined(_M_X64) || \
+    defined(__ia64) || defined(_M_IA64) || defined(__aarch64__) ||     \
+    defined(__powerpc64__)
+
+template<class T, class TDeleter>
+using UniqueNonDispatchableHandle = UniqueDispatchableHandle<T, TDeleter>;
+
+#else
+
+template<class T, class TDeleter>
+class UniqueNonDispatchableHandle
+{
+public:
+	using Deleter = TDeleter;
+	using Handle  = T;
+
+	UniqueNonDispatchableHandle() = default;
+
+	UniqueNonDispatchableHandle(T handle, Deleter deleter) noexcept
+	    : _handle{handle}
+	    , _deleter{std::move(deleter)}
+	{
+		assert(handle);
+	}
+
+	~UniqueNonDispatchableHandle() noexcept
+	{
+		if (_handle) {
+			_deleter(_handle);
+		}
+	}
+
+	UniqueNonDispatchableHandle(const UniqueNonDispatchableHandle&) noexcept =
+	    delete;
+	UniqueNonDispatchableHandle&
+	operator=(const UniqueNonDispatchableHandle&) noexcept = delete;
+
+	UniqueNonDispatchableHandle(UniqueNonDispatchableHandle&& other) noexcept
+	{
+		swap(other);
+	}
+
+	UniqueNonDispatchableHandle&
+	operator=(UniqueNonDispatchableHandle&& other) noexcept
+	{
+		swap(other);
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	const Handle& get() const noexcept { return _handle; }
+
+	operator Handle() const noexcept { return _handle; }
+
+private:
+	void swap(UniqueNonDispatchableHandle& other) noexcept
+	{
+		std::swap(_handle, other._handle);
+		std::swap(_deleter, other._deleter);
+	}
+
+	T       _handle{};
+	Deleter _deleter{};
+};
+
+#endif
+
+template<class Vector, class Deleter>
+class UniqueArrayHandle
+{
+public:
+	using T = typename Vector::value_type;
+
+	UniqueArrayHandle() = default;
+
+	UniqueArrayHandle(uint32_t size, Vector&& array, Deleter deleter) noexcept
+	    : _array{std::move(array)}
+	    , _deleter{std::move(deleter)}
+	    , _size{size}
+	{
+		assert(!_array.empty());
+	}
+
+	~UniqueArrayHandle() noexcept
+	{
+		if (!_array.empty()) {
+			_deleter(_array.data());
+		}
+	}
+
+	UniqueArrayHandle(const UniqueArrayHandle&) noexcept = delete;
+	UniqueArrayHandle& operator=(const UniqueArrayHandle&) noexcept = delete;
+
+	UniqueArrayHandle(UniqueArrayHandle&& other) noexcept { swap(other); }
+
+	UniqueArrayHandle& operator=(UniqueArrayHandle&& other) noexcept
+	{
+		swap(other);
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	const T& operator[](const size_t index) const noexcept
+	{
+		return _array[index];
+	}
+
+	T& operator[](const size_t index) noexcept { return _array[index]; }
+
+	const T* get() const noexcept { return _array.data(); }
+	T*       get() noexcept { return _array.data(); }
+
+private:
+	void swap(UniqueArrayHandle& other) noexcept
+	{
+		std::swap(_array, other._array);
+		std::swap(_deleter, other._deleter);
+		std::swap(_size, other._size);
+	}
+
+	Vector   _array{};
+	Deleter  _deleter{};
+	uint32_t _size{};
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+class OptionalParameter
+{
+public:
+	using Handle = typename T::Handle;
+
+	OptionalParameter(const T& value) noexcept
+	    : _handle{value.get()}
+	{}
+
+	OptionalParameter() noexcept
+	    : _handle{}
+	{}
+
+	OptionalParameter(const OptionalParameter&) = delete;
+	OptionalParameter& operator=(const OptionalParameter&) = delete;
+
+	OptionalParameter(OptionalParameter&&) = delete;
+	OptionalParameter& operator=(OptionalParameter&&) = delete;
+
+	const Handle get() const noexcept { return _handle; }
+
+private:
+	Handle _handle{};
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+using GlobalObject = UniqueDispatchableHandle<T, GlobalDeleter<T>>;
+
+template<typename T>
+using InstanceChild =
+    UniqueNonDispatchableHandle<T, DependantDeleter<T, VkInstance>>;
+
+template<typename T>
+using DispatchableDeviceChild =
+    UniqueDispatchableHandle<T, DependantDeleter<T, VkDevice>>;
+
+template<typename T>
+using NonDispatchableDeviceChild =
+    UniqueNonDispatchableHandle<T, DependantDeleter<T, VkDevice>>;
+
+template<typename Vector, typename Pool, typename FreeFuncResult>
+using PoolChild = UniqueArrayHandle<
+    Vector,
+    PoolDeleter<typename Vector::value_type, Pool, FreeFuncResult>>;
+
+using Device   = GlobalObject<VkDevice>;
+using Instance = GlobalObject<VkInstance>;
+
+using PhysicalDevice = VkPhysicalDevice; // Weak handle, no destroy function
+using Queue          = VkQueue;          // Weak handle, no destroy function
+
+using Buffer              = NonDispatchableDeviceChild<VkBuffer>;
+using BufferView          = NonDispatchableDeviceChild<VkBufferView>;
+using CommandBuffer       = DispatchableDeviceChild<VkCommandBuffer>;
+using CommandPool         = NonDispatchableDeviceChild<VkCommandPool>;
+using DescriptorPool      = NonDispatchableDeviceChild<VkDescriptorPool>;
+using DescriptorSetLayout = NonDispatchableDeviceChild<VkDescriptorSetLayout>;
+using DeviceMemory        = NonDispatchableDeviceChild<VkDeviceMemory>;
+using Event               = NonDispatchableDeviceChild<VkEvent>;
+using Fence               = NonDispatchableDeviceChild<VkFence>;
+using Framebuffer         = NonDispatchableDeviceChild<VkFramebuffer>;
+using Image               = NonDispatchableDeviceChild<VkImage>;
+using ImageView           = NonDispatchableDeviceChild<VkImageView>;
+using Pipeline            = NonDispatchableDeviceChild<VkPipeline>;
+using PipelineCache       = NonDispatchableDeviceChild<VkPipelineCache>;
+using PipelineLayout      = NonDispatchableDeviceChild<VkPipelineLayout>;
+using QueryPool           = NonDispatchableDeviceChild<VkQueryPool>;
+using RenderPass          = NonDispatchableDeviceChild<VkRenderPass>;
+using Sampler             = NonDispatchableDeviceChild<VkSampler>;
+using Semaphore           = NonDispatchableDeviceChild<VkSemaphore>;
+using ShaderModule        = NonDispatchableDeviceChild<VkShaderModule>;
+
+template<class VkCommandBufferVector>
+using CommandBuffers = PoolChild<VkCommandBufferVector, VkCommandPool, void>;
+
+template<class VkDescriptorSetVector>
+using DescriptorSets =
+    PoolChild<VkDescriptorSetVector, VkDescriptorPool, VkResult>;
+
+// VK_KHR_swapchain
+using SwapchainKHR = NonDispatchableDeviceChild<VkSwapchainKHR>;
+
+// VK_KHR_surface
+using SurfaceKHR = InstanceChild<VkSurfaceKHR>;
+
+// VK_EXT_debug_report
+using DebugReportCallbackEXT = InstanceChild<VkDebugReportCallbackEXT>;
+
+template<size_t...>
+struct IndexSequence {};
+
+template<size_t N, size_t... Next>
+struct IndexSequenceHelper
+    : public IndexSequenceHelper<N - 1U, N - 1U, Next...> {};
+
+template<size_t... Next>
+struct IndexSequenceHelper<0U, Next...> {
+	using type = IndexSequence<Next...>;
+};
+
+template<size_t N>
+using makeIndexSequence = typename IndexSequenceHelper<N>::type;
+
+template<class T, class Parent, class DestroyFunc, size_t count, size_t... Is>
+std::array<T, count>
+make_handle_array_h(Parent                                parent,
+                    DestroyFunc                           destroyFunc,
+                    std::array<typename T::Handle, count> handles,
+                    IndexSequence<Is...>) noexcept
+{
+	return {T{handles[Is], {parent, destroyFunc}}...};
+}
+
+template<class T, class Parent, class DestroyFunc, size_t count>
+std::array<T, count>
+make_handle_array(Parent                                parent,
+                  DestroyFunc                           destroyFunc,
+                  std::array<typename T::Handle, count> handles) noexcept
+{
+	return make_handle_array_h<T, Parent, DestroyFunc, count>(
+	    parent, destroyFunc, handles, makeIndexSequence<count>());
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template<class Value, class Vector, class Func, class... Args>
+inline VkResult
+wrapVectorAccessor(Vector& vector, Func func, Args... args) noexcept
+{
+	uint32_t count = 0u;
+	VkResult r     = func(args..., &count, nullptr);
+	if (r > VK_INCOMPLETE) {
+		vector.clear();
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	vector = Vector(count);
+	if ((r = func(args..., &count, vector.data()))) {
+		vector.clear();
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+class VulkanApi;
+
+struct MappedMemory {
+	MappedMemory() noexcept = default;
+
+	MappedMemory(const VulkanApi& api,
+	             VkDevice         device,
+	             VkDeviceMemory   memory,
+	             void*            data) noexcept
+	    : _api{&api}
+	    , _device{device}
+	    , _memory{memory}
+	    , _data{data}
+	{}
+
+	MappedMemory(const MappedMemory&) = delete;
+	MappedMemory& operator=(const MappedMemory&) = delete;
+
+	MappedMemory(MappedMemory&& mappedMemory) noexcept
+	    : _api{mappedMemory._api}
+	    , _device{mappedMemory._device}
+	    , _memory{mappedMemory._memory}
+	    , _data{mappedMemory._data}
+	{
+		mappedMemory._device = {};
+		mappedMemory._memory = {};
+		mappedMemory._data   = {};
+	}
+
+	MappedMemory& operator=(MappedMemory&& mappedMemory) noexcept
+	{
+		std::swap(_api, mappedMemory._api);
+		std::swap(_device, mappedMemory._device);
+		std::swap(_memory, mappedMemory._memory);
+		std::swap(_data, mappedMemory._data);
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	~MappedMemory() noexcept;
+
+	const void* get() const noexcept { return _data; }
+	void*       get() noexcept { return _data; }
+
+private:
+	const VulkanApi* _api{};
+	VkDevice         _device{};
+	VkDeviceMemory   _memory{};
+	void*            _data{};
+};
+
+class VulkanInitApi
+{
+public:
+	template<typename NotFoundFunc>
+	VkResult init(PFN_vkGetInstanceProcAddr pGetInstanceProcAddr,
+	              NotFoundFunc              notFound) noexcept
+	{
+#define SK_INIT(name)                                                 \
+	do {                                                              \
+		if (!(name = PFN_##name(getInstanceProcAddr(NULL, #name)))) { \
+			notFound(#name);                                          \
+		}                                                             \
+	} while (0)
+
+		vkGetInstanceProcAddr = pGetInstanceProcAddr;
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateInstance);
+		vkDestroyInstance = {}; // Loaded after we create an instance
+		SK_INIT(vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties);
+		SK_INIT(vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties);
+
+		if (!vkCreateInstance || !vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties ||
+		    !vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties) {
+			return VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED;
+		}
+
+		return VK_SUCCESS;
+#undef SK_INIT
+	}
+
+	VkResult init(PFN_vkGetInstanceProcAddr pGetInstanceProcAddr) noexcept
+	{
+		return init(pGetInstanceProcAddr, [](const char*) {});
+	}
+
+	PFN_vkVoidFunction
+	getInstanceProcAddr(VkInstance        instance,
+	                    const char* const name) const noexcept
+	{
+		return vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, name);
+	}
+
+	VkResult createInstance(const VkInstanceCreateInfo& createInfo,
+	                        Instance&                   instance) noexcept
+	{
+		VkInstance h = {};
+		if (const VkResult r = vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &h)) {
+			return r;
+		} else if (!h) {
+			// Shouldn't actually happen, but this lets the compiler know that
+			return VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED;
+		}
+
+		if (!vkDestroyInstance) {
+			vkDestroyInstance = PFN_vkDestroyInstance(
+			    getInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkDestroyInstance"));
+		}
+
+		instance = {h, {vkDestroyInstance}};
+		return VK_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	template<class Vector>
+	VkResult
+	enumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(Vector& properties) const noexcept
+	{
+		return detail::wrapVectorAccessor<VkExtensionProperties>(
+		    properties, vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties, nullptr);
+	}
+
+	template<class Vector>
+	VkResult
+	enumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(const char* const layerName,
+	                                     Vector& properties) const noexcept
+	{
+		return detail::wrapVectorAccessor<VkExtensionProperties>(
+		    properties, vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties, layerName);
+	}
+
+	template<class Vector>
+	VkResult enumerateInstanceLayerProperties(Vector& properties) const noexcept
+	{
+		return detail::wrapVectorAccessor<VkLayerProperties>(
+		    properties, vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties);
+	}
+
+private:
+	PFN_vkGetInstanceProcAddr vkGetInstanceProcAddr;
+
+#define SK_FUNC(name) \
+	PFN_##name name {}
+
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateInstance);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroyInstance);
+	SK_FUNC(vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties);
+	SK_FUNC(vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties);
+
+#undef SK_FUNC
+};
+
+class VulkanApi
+{
+public:
+	template<typename NotFoundFunc>
+	VkResult init(const VulkanInitApi& initApi,
+	              const Instance&      instance,
+	              NotFoundFunc         notFound) noexcept
+	{
+		VkResult r = VK_SUCCESS;
+
+		const auto notFoundWrapper = [&r, notFound](const char* name) {
+			r = VK_INCOMPLETE;
+			notFound(name);
+		};
+
+#define SK_INIT(name)                                               \
+	do {                                                            \
+		if (!(name = PFN_##name(                                    \
+		          initApi.getInstanceProcAddr(instance, #name)))) { \
+			notFoundWrapper(#name);                                 \
+		}                                                           \
+	} while (0)
+
+		SK_INIT(vkAllocateCommandBuffers);
+		SK_INIT(vkAllocateDescriptorSets);
+		SK_INIT(vkAllocateMemory);
+		SK_INIT(vkBeginCommandBuffer);
+		SK_INIT(vkBindBufferMemory);
+		SK_INIT(vkBindImageMemory);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdBeginQuery);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdBeginRenderPass);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdBindDescriptorSets);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdBindIndexBuffer);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdBindPipeline);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdBindVertexBuffers);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdBlitImage);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdClearAttachments);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdClearColorImage);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdClearDepthStencilImage);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdCopyBuffer);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdCopyBufferToImage);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdCopyImage);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdCopyQueryPoolResults);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdDispatch);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdDispatchIndirect);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdDraw);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdDrawIndexed);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdDrawIndexedIndirect);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdDrawIndirect);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdEndQuery);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdEndRenderPass);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdExecuteCommands);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdFillBuffer);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdNextSubpass);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdPipelineBarrier);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdPushConstants);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdResetEvent);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdResetQueryPool);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdResolveImage);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdSetBlendConstants);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdSetDepthBias);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdSetDepthBounds);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdSetEvent);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdSetLineWidth);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdSetScissor);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdSetStencilCompareMask);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdSetStencilReference);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdSetStencilWriteMask);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdSetViewport);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdUpdateBuffer);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdWaitEvents);
+		SK_INIT(vkCmdWriteTimestamp);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateBuffer);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateBufferView);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateCommandPool);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateComputePipelines);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateDescriptorPool);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateDevice);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateEvent);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateFence);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateFramebuffer);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateImage);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateImageView);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateInstance);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreatePipelineCache);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreatePipelineLayout);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateQueryPool);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateRenderPass);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateSampler);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateSemaphore);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateShaderModule);
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroyBuffer);
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroyBufferView);
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroyCommandPool);
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroyDescriptorPool);
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout);
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroyDevice);
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroyEvent);
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroyFence);
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroyFramebuffer);
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroyImage);
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroyImageView);
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroyPipeline);
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroyPipelineCache);
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroyPipelineLayout);
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroyQueryPool);
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroyRenderPass);
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroySampler);
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroySemaphore);
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroyShaderModule);
+		SK_INIT(vkDeviceWaitIdle);
+		SK_INIT(vkEndCommandBuffer);
+		SK_INIT(vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties);
+		SK_INIT(vkEnumerateDeviceLayerProperties);
+		SK_INIT(vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices);
+		SK_INIT(vkFlushMappedMemoryRanges);
+		SK_INIT(vkFreeCommandBuffers);
+		SK_INIT(vkFreeDescriptorSets);
+		SK_INIT(vkFreeMemory);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetDeviceMemoryCommitment);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetDeviceProcAddr);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetDeviceQueue);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetEventStatus);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetFenceStatus);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetImageMemoryRequirements);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetImageSparseMemoryRequirements);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetImageSubresourceLayout);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetInstanceProcAddr);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetPhysicalDeviceSparseImageFormatProperties);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetPipelineCacheData);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetQueryPoolResults);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetRenderAreaGranularity);
+		SK_INIT(vkInvalidateMappedMemoryRanges);
+		SK_INIT(vkMapMemory);
+		SK_INIT(vkMergePipelineCaches);
+		SK_INIT(vkQueueBindSparse);
+		SK_INIT(vkQueueSubmit);
+		SK_INIT(vkQueueWaitIdle);
+		SK_INIT(vkResetCommandBuffer);
+		SK_INIT(vkResetCommandPool);
+		SK_INIT(vkResetDescriptorPool);
+		SK_INIT(vkResetEvent);
+		SK_INIT(vkResetFences);
+		SK_INIT(vkSetEvent);
+		SK_INIT(vkUnmapMemory);
+		SK_INIT(vkUpdateDescriptorSets);
+		SK_INIT(vkWaitForFences);
+
+		// VK_EXT_debug_report
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT);
+		SK_INIT(vkDebugReportMessageEXT);
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT);
+
+		// VK_KHR_surface
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroySurfaceKHR);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR);
+
+		// VK_KHR_swapchain
+		SK_INIT(vkAcquireNextImageKHR);
+		SK_INIT(vkCreateSwapchainKHR);
+		SK_INIT(vkDestroySwapchainKHR);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetDeviceGroupPresentCapabilitiesKHR);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetDeviceGroupSurfacePresentModesKHR);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetPhysicalDevicePresentRectanglesKHR);
+		SK_INIT(vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR);
+		SK_INIT(vkQueuePresentKHR);
+
+#undef SK_INIT
+
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	VkResult
+	init(const VulkanInitApi& initApi, const Instance& instance) noexcept
+	{
+		return init(initApi, instance, [](const char*) {});
+	}
+
+	template<class VkCommandBufferVector>
+	VkResult allocateCommandBuffers(
+	    const Device&                          device,
+	    const VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo&     allocateInfo,
+	    CommandBuffers<VkCommandBufferVector>& commandBuffers) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkCommandBufferVector rawCommandBuffers = VkCommandBufferVector(
+		    allocateInfo.commandBufferCount);
+
+		if (const VkResult r = vkAllocateCommandBuffers(
+		        device, &allocateInfo, rawCommandBuffers.data())) {
+			return r;
+		}
+
+		commandBuffers = CommandBuffers<VkCommandBufferVector>{
+		    allocateInfo.commandBufferCount,
+		    std::move(rawCommandBuffers),
+		    PoolDeleter<VkCommandBuffer, VkCommandPool, void>{
+		        device,
+		        allocateInfo.commandPool,
+		        allocateInfo.commandBufferCount,
+		        vkFreeCommandBuffers}};
+		return VK_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	template<class VkDescriptorSetVector>
+	VkResult allocateDescriptorSets(
+	    const Device&                          device,
+	    const VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo&     allocateInfo,
+	    DescriptorSets<VkDescriptorSetVector>& descriptorSets) const noexcept
+	{
+		auto descriptorSetVector = VkDescriptorSetVector(
+		    allocateInfo.descriptorSetCount);
+
+		if (const VkResult r = vkAllocateDescriptorSets(
+		        device, &allocateInfo, descriptorSetVector.data())) {
+			return r;
+		}
+
+		descriptorSets = DescriptorSets<VkDescriptorSetVector>{
+		    allocateInfo.descriptorSetCount,
+		    std::move(descriptorSetVector),
+		    PoolDeleter<VkDescriptorSet, VkDescriptorPool, VkResult>{
+		        device,
+		        allocateInfo.descriptorPool,
+		        allocateInfo.descriptorSetCount,
+		        vkFreeDescriptorSets}};
+		return VK_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	VkResult bindBufferMemory(const Device&       device,
+	                          const Buffer&       buffer,
+	                          const DeviceMemory& memory,
+	                          VkDeviceSize        memoryOffset) const noexcept
+	{
+		return vkBindBufferMemory
+		           ? vkBindBufferMemory(device, buffer, memory, memoryOffset)
+		           : VK_ERROR_FEATURE_NOT_PRESENT;
+	}
+
+	VkResult createBuffer(const Device&             device,
+	                      const VkBufferCreateInfo& createInfo,
+	                      Buffer&                   buffer) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkBuffer       h = {};
+		const VkResult r = vkCreateBuffer(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &h);
+		return wrapResult(r, h, {device, vkDestroyBuffer}, buffer);
+	}
+
+	VkResult createBufferView(const Device&                 device,
+	                          const VkBufferViewCreateInfo& createInfo,
+	                          BufferView& bufferView) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkBufferView   h = {};
+		const VkResult r = vkCreateBufferView(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &h);
+		return wrapResult(r, h, {device, vkDestroyBufferView}, bufferView);
+	}
+
+	VkResult createCommandPool(const Device&                  device,
+	                           const VkCommandPoolCreateInfo& createInfo,
+	                           CommandPool& commandPool) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkCommandPool  h = {};
+		const VkResult r =
+		    vkCreateCommandPool(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &h);
+		return wrapResult(r, h, {device, vkDestroyCommandPool}, commandPool);
+	}
+
+	VkResult createDescriptorPool(const Device&                     device,
+	                              const VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo& createInfo,
+	                              DescriptorPool& descriptorPool) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkDescriptorPool h = {};
+		const VkResult   r =
+		    vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &h);
+
+		return wrapResult(r,
+		                  h,
+		                  {device, vkDestroyDescriptorPool},
+		                  descriptorPool);
+	}
+
+	VkResult createDescriptorSetLayout(
+	    const Device&                          device,
+	    const VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo& createInfo,
+	    DescriptorSetLayout& descriptorSetLayout) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkDescriptorSetLayout h = {};
+		const VkResult        r =
+		    vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &h);
+
+		return wrapResult(r,
+		                  h,
+		                  {device, vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout},
+		                  descriptorSetLayout);
+	}
+
+	VkResult createDevice(const PhysicalDevice&     physicalDevice,
+	                      const VkDeviceCreateInfo& createInfo,
+	                      Device&                   result) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkDevice       h = {};
+		const VkResult r =
+		    vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &h);
+
+		return wrapResult(r, h, {vkDestroyDevice}, result);
+	}
+
+	VkResult createEvent(const Device&            device,
+	                     const VkEventCreateInfo& createInfo,
+	                     Event&                   event) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkEvent        h = {};
+		const VkResult r = vkCreateEvent(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &h);
+
+		return wrapResult(r, h, {device, vkDestroyEvent}, event);
+	}
+
+	VkResult createFence(const Device&            device,
+	                     const VkFenceCreateInfo& createInfo,
+	                     Fence&                   fence) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkFence        h = {};
+		const VkResult r = vkCreateFence(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &h);
+
+		return wrapResult(r, h, {device, vkDestroyFence}, fence);
+	}
+
+	VkResult createFramebuffer(const Device&                  device,
+	                           const VkFramebufferCreateInfo& createInfo,
+	                           Framebuffer& framebuffer) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkFramebuffer  h = {};
+		const VkResult r =
+		    vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &h);
+
+		return wrapResult(r, h, {device, vkDestroyFramebuffer}, framebuffer);
+	}
+
+	VkResult createImage(const Device&            device,
+	                     const VkImageCreateInfo& createInfo,
+	                     Image&                   image) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkImage        h = {};
+		const VkResult r = vkCreateImage(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &h);
+
+		return wrapResult(r, h, {device, vkDestroyImage}, image);
+	}
+
+	VkResult createImageView(const Device&                device,
+	                         const VkImageViewCreateInfo& createInfo,
+	                         ImageView& imageView) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkImageView    h = {};
+		const VkResult r = vkCreateImageView(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &h);
+
+		return wrapResult(r, h, {device, vkDestroyImageView}, imageView);
+	}
+
+	template<size_t count>
+	VkResult createGraphicsPipelines(
+	    const Device&                                          device,
+	    const OptionalParameter<PipelineCache>&                pipelineCache,
+	    const std::array<VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo, count>& createInfos,
+	    std::array<Pipeline, count>& pipelines) const noexcept
+	{
+		std::array<VkPipeline, count> pipelineHandles{};
+
+		if (const VkResult r = vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(
+		        device,
+		        pipelineCache.get(),
+		        static_cast<uint32_t>(createInfos.size()),
+		        createInfos.data(),
+		        nullptr,
+		        pipelineHandles.data())) {
+			return r;
+		}
+
+		pipelines = make_handle_array<Pipeline>(device.get(),
+		                                        vkDestroyPipeline,
+		                                        pipelineHandles);
+		return VK_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	VkResult createPipelineCache(const Device&                    device,
+	                             const VkPipelineCacheCreateInfo& createInfo,
+	                             PipelineCache& pipelineCache) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkPipelineCache h = {};
+		const VkResult  r =
+		    vkCreatePipelineCache(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &h);
+
+		return wrapResult(r,
+		                  h,
+		                  {device, vkDestroyPipelineCache},
+		                  pipelineCache);
+	}
+
+	VkResult createPipelineLayout(const Device&                     device,
+	                              const VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo& createInfo,
+	                              PipelineLayout& pipelineLayout) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkPipelineLayout h = {};
+		const VkResult   r =
+		    vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &h);
+
+		return wrapResult(r,
+		                  h,
+		                  {device, vkDestroyPipelineLayout},
+		                  pipelineLayout);
+	}
+
+	VkResult createQueryPool(const Device&                device,
+	                         const VkQueryPoolCreateInfo& createInfo,
+	                         QueryPool& queryPool) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkQueryPool    h = {};
+		const VkResult r = vkCreateQueryPool(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &h);
+
+		return wrapResult(r, h, {device, vkDestroyQueryPool}, queryPool);
+	}
+
+	VkResult createRenderPass(const Device&                 device,
+	                          const VkRenderPassCreateInfo& createInfo,
+	                          RenderPass& renderPass) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkRenderPass   h = {};
+		const VkResult r = vkCreateRenderPass(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &h);
+
+		return wrapResult(r, h, {device, vkDestroyRenderPass}, renderPass);
+	}
+
+	VkResult createSampler(const Device&              device,
+	                       const VkSamplerCreateInfo& createInfo,
+	                       Sampler&                   sampler) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkSampler      h = {};
+		const VkResult r = vkCreateSampler(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &h);
+
+		return wrapResult(r, h, {device, vkDestroySampler}, sampler);
+	}
+
+	VkResult createSemaphore(const Device&                device,
+	                         const VkSemaphoreCreateInfo& createInfo,
+	                         Semaphore& semaphore) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkSemaphore    h = {};
+		const VkResult r = vkCreateSemaphore(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &h);
+
+		return wrapResult(r, h, {device, vkDestroySemaphore}, semaphore);
+	}
+
+	VkResult createShaderModule(const Device&                   device,
+	                            const VkShaderModuleCreateInfo& createInfo,
+	                            ShaderModule& shaderModule) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkShaderModule h = {};
+		const VkResult r =
+		    vkCreateShaderModule(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &h);
+
+		return wrapResult(r, h, {device, vkDestroyShaderModule}, shaderModule);
+	}
+
+	VkResult deviceWaitIdle(const Device& device) const noexcept
+	{
+		return vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
+	}
+
+	template<class Vector>
+	VkResult
+	enumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(const PhysicalDevice& physicalDevice,
+	                                   const char* const     layerName,
+	                                   Vector& properties) const noexcept
+	{
+		return detail::wrapVectorAccessor<VkExtensionProperties>(
+		    properties,
+		    vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties,
+		    physicalDevice,
+		    layerName);
+	}
+
+	template<class Vector>
+	VkResult
+	enumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(const PhysicalDevice& physicalDevice,
+	                                   Vector& properties) const noexcept
+	{
+		return detail::wrapVectorAccessor<VkExtensionProperties>(
+		    properties,
+		    vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties,
+		    physicalDevice,
+		    nullptr);
+	}
+
+	template<class Vector>
+	VkResult enumeratePhysicalDevices(const Instance& instance,
+	                                  Vector& physicalDevices) const noexcept
+	{
+		uint32_t count = 0u;
+		VkResult r     = vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &count, nullptr);
+		if (r > VK_INCOMPLETE) {
+			return r;
+		}
+
+		physicalDevices = Vector(count);
+		if ((r = vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance,
+		                                    &count,
+		                                    physicalDevices.data()))) {
+			return r;
+		}
+
+		return VK_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	sk::Queue getDeviceQueue(const Device&  device,
+	                         const uint32_t queueFamilyIndex,
+	                         const uint32_t queueIndex) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkQueue queue{};
+		vkGetDeviceQueue(device, queueFamilyIndex, queueIndex, &queue);
+		return sk::Queue{queue};
+	}
+
+	VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties getPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(
+	    VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties properties{};
+		vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physicalDevice, &properties);
+		return properties;
+	}
+
+	VkPhysicalDeviceProperties getPhysicalDeviceProperties(
+	    const PhysicalDevice& physicalDevice) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkPhysicalDeviceProperties properties{};
+		vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physicalDevice, &properties);
+		return properties;
+	}
+
+	template<class Vector>
+	VkResult getPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(
+	    const PhysicalDevice& physicalDevice,
+	    Vector&               queueFamilyProperties) const noexcept
+	{
+		uint32_t count = 0u;
+		vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(physicalDevice,
+		                                         &count,
+		                                         nullptr);
+
+		queueFamilyProperties = Vector(count);
+		vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(physicalDevice,
+		                                         &count,
+		                                         queueFamilyProperties.data());
+
+		return VK_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	VkMemoryRequirements
+	getBufferMemoryRequirements(const Device& device,
+	                            const Buffer& buffer) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkMemoryRequirements requirements;
+		vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, buffer, &requirements);
+		return requirements;
+	}
+
+	VkResult allocateMemory(const Device&               device,
+	                        const VkMemoryAllocateInfo& info,
+	                        DeviceMemory&               memory) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkDeviceMemory h = {};
+		if (const VkResult r = vkAllocateMemory(device, &info, nullptr, &h)) {
+			return r;
+		} else if (!h) {
+			return VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY;
+		}
+
+		memory = DeviceMemory{h, {device, vkFreeMemory}};
+		return VK_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	VkResult mapMemory(const Device&       device,
+	                   const DeviceMemory& memory,
+	                   VkDeviceSize        offset,
+	                   VkDeviceSize        size,
+	                   VkMemoryMapFlags    flags,
+	                   MappedMemory&       mappedMemory) const noexcept
+	{
+		void* data = nullptr;
+		if (const VkResult r =
+		        vkMapMemory(device, memory, offset, size, flags, &data)) {
+			return r;
+		}
+
+		mappedMemory = MappedMemory{*this, device, memory, data};
+		return VK_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	VkResult queueSubmit(const Queue&        queue,
+	                     uint32_t            submitCount,
+	                     const VkSubmitInfo& submits,
+	                     const Fence&        fence) const noexcept
+	{
+		return vkQueueSubmit(queue, submitCount, &submits, fence);
+	}
+
+	VkResult queueSubmit(const Queue&        queue,
+	                     const VkSubmitInfo& submit,
+	                     const Fence&        fence) const noexcept
+	{
+		return vkQueueSubmit(queue, 1u, &submit, fence);
+	}
+
+	template<size_t descriptorWriteCount, size_t descriptorCopyCount>
+	void updateDescriptorSets(
+	    const Device&                                          device,
+	    std::array<VkWriteDescriptorSet, descriptorWriteCount> descriptorWrites,
+	    std::array<VkCopyDescriptorSet, descriptorCopyCount>   descriptorCopies)
+	    const noexcept
+	{
+		vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device,
+		                       static_cast<uint32_t>(descriptorWrites.size()),
+		                       descriptorWrites.data(),
+		                       static_cast<uint32_t>(descriptorCopies.size()),
+		                       descriptorCopies.data());
+	}
+
+	VkResult resetFence(const Device& device, const Fence& fence) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkFence h = fence;
+		return vkResetFences(device, 1u, &h);
+	}
+
+	VkResult waitForFence(const Device& device,
+	                      const Fence&  fence,
+	                      uint64_t      timeout) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkFence h = fence;
+		return vkWaitForFences(device, 1u, &h, VK_TRUE, timeout);
+	}
+
+	VkResult
+	waitForFence(const Device& device, const Fence& fence) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkFence h = fence;
+		return vkWaitForFences(device, 1u, &h, VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
+	}
+
+	// Scoped command buffer interface
+	SYBOK_NODISCARD
+	CommandScope
+	beginCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer          commandBuffer,
+	                   VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo) const noexcept;
+
+	// VK_EXT_debug_report
+
+	VkResult createDebugReportCallbackEXT(
+	    const Instance&                           instance,
+	    const VkDebugReportCallbackCreateInfoEXT& createInfo,
+	    DebugReportCallbackEXT&                   callback) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkDebugReportCallbackEXT h = {};
+
+		if (const VkResult r = vkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT(
+		        instance, &createInfo, nullptr, &h)) {
+			return r;
+		} else if (!h) {
+			return VK_ERROR_FEATURE_NOT_PRESENT;
+		}
+
+		callback = {h, {instance, vkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT}};
+		return VK_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	// VK_KHR_surface
+
+	VkResult getPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(
+	    const PhysicalDevice&     physicalDevice,
+	    const SurfaceKHR&         surface,
+	    VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) const noexcept
+	{
+		return vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(physicalDevice,
+		                                                 surface,
+		                                                 &capabilities);
+	}
+
+	template<typename Vector>
+	VkResult
+	getPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(const PhysicalDevice& physicalDevice,
+	                                   const SurfaceKHR&     surface,
+	                                   Vector& surfaceFormats) const noexcept
+	{
+		return detail::wrapVectorAccessor<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>(
+		    surfaceFormats,
+		    vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR,
+		    physicalDevice,
+		    surface.get());
+	}
+
+	template<typename Vector>
+	VkResult getPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(
+	    const PhysicalDevice& physicalDevice,
+	    const SurfaceKHR&     surface,
+	    Vector&               presentModes) const noexcept
+	{
+		return detail::wrapVectorAccessor<VkPresentModeKHR>(
+		    presentModes,
+		    vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR,
+		    physicalDevice,
+		    surface.get());
+	}
+
+	VkResult
+	getPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(const PhysicalDevice& physicalDevice,
+	                                   uint32_t              queueFamilyIndex,
+	                                   const SurfaceKHR&     surface,
+	                                   bool& supported) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkBool32 s = {};
+
+		if (VkResult r = vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(
+		        physicalDevice, queueFamilyIndex, surface, &s)) {
+			return r;
+		}
+
+		supported = s;
+		return VK_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	// VK_KHR_swapchain
+
+	VkResult acquireNextImageKHR(const Device&                   device,
+	                             const SwapchainKHR&             swapchain,
+	                             uint64_t                        timeout,
+	                             const Semaphore&                semaphore,
+	                             const OptionalParameter<Fence>& fence,
+	                             uint32_t* pImageIndex) const noexcept
+	{
+		return vkAcquireNextImageKHR(
+		    device, swapchain, timeout, semaphore, fence.get(), pImageIndex);
+	}
+
+	template<class Vector>
+	VkResult getSwapchainImagesKHR(const Device&       device,
+	                               const SwapchainKHR& swapchain,
+	                               Vector&             images) const noexcept
+	{
+		return detail::wrapVectorAccessor<VkImage>(images,
+		                                           vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR,
+		                                           device.get(),
+		                                           swapchain.get());
+	}
+
+	VkResult createSwapchainKHR(const Device&                   device,
+	                            const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR& createInfo,
+	                            SwapchainKHR& swapchain) const noexcept
+	{
+		VkSwapchainKHR h = {};
+		const VkResult r =
+		    vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &h);
+
+		if (r) {
+			return r;
+		} else if (!h) {
+			return VK_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DRIVER;
+		}
+
+		swapchain = {h, {device, vkDestroySwapchainKHR}};
+		return VK_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	VkResult queuePresentKHR(const Queue&            queue,
+	                         const VkPresentInfoKHR& presentInfo) const noexcept
+	{
+		return vkQueuePresentKHR(queue, &presentInfo);
+	}
+
+#define SK_FUNC(name) \
+	PFN_##name name {} // NOLINT
+
+	// Vulkan 1.0 Core
+	SK_FUNC(vkAllocateCommandBuffers);
+	SK_FUNC(vkAllocateDescriptorSets);
+	SK_FUNC(vkAllocateMemory);
+	SK_FUNC(vkBeginCommandBuffer);
+	SK_FUNC(vkBindBufferMemory);
+	SK_FUNC(vkBindImageMemory);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdBeginQuery);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdBeginRenderPass);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdBindDescriptorSets);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdBindIndexBuffer);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdBindPipeline);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdBindVertexBuffers);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdBlitImage);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdClearAttachments);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdClearColorImage);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdClearDepthStencilImage);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdCopyBuffer);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdCopyBufferToImage);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdCopyImage);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdCopyQueryPoolResults);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdDispatch);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdDispatchIndirect);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdDraw);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdDrawIndexed);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdDrawIndexedIndirect);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdDrawIndirect);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdEndQuery);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdEndRenderPass);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdExecuteCommands);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdFillBuffer);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdNextSubpass);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdPipelineBarrier);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdPushConstants);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdResetEvent);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdResetQueryPool);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdResolveImage);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdSetBlendConstants);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdSetDepthBias);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdSetDepthBounds);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdSetEvent);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdSetLineWidth);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdSetScissor);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdSetStencilCompareMask);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdSetStencilReference);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdSetStencilWriteMask);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdSetViewport);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdUpdateBuffer);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdWaitEvents);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCmdWriteTimestamp);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateBuffer);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateBufferView);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateCommandPool);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateComputePipelines);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateDescriptorPool);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateDevice);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateEvent);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateFence);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateFramebuffer);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateImage);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateImageView);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateInstance);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreatePipelineCache);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreatePipelineLayout);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateQueryPool);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateRenderPass);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateSampler);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateSemaphore);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateShaderModule);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroyBuffer);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroyBufferView);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroyCommandPool);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroyDescriptorPool);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroyDevice);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroyEvent);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroyFence);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroyFramebuffer);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroyImage);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroyImageView);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroyPipeline);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroyPipelineCache);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroyPipelineLayout);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroyQueryPool);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroyRenderPass);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroySampler);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroySemaphore);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroyShaderModule);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDeviceWaitIdle);
+	SK_FUNC(vkEndCommandBuffer);
+	SK_FUNC(vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties);
+	SK_FUNC(vkEnumerateDeviceLayerProperties);
+	SK_FUNC(vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices);
+	SK_FUNC(vkFlushMappedMemoryRanges);
+	SK_FUNC(vkFreeCommandBuffers);
+	SK_FUNC(vkFreeDescriptorSets);
+	SK_FUNC(vkFreeMemory);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetDeviceMemoryCommitment);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetDeviceProcAddr);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetDeviceQueue);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetEventStatus);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetFenceStatus);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetImageMemoryRequirements);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetImageSparseMemoryRequirements);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetImageSubresourceLayout);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetInstanceProcAddr);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetPhysicalDeviceSparseImageFormatProperties);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetPipelineCacheData);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetQueryPoolResults);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetRenderAreaGranularity);
+	SK_FUNC(vkInvalidateMappedMemoryRanges);
+	SK_FUNC(vkMapMemory);
+	SK_FUNC(vkMergePipelineCaches);
+	SK_FUNC(vkQueueBindSparse);
+	SK_FUNC(vkQueueSubmit);
+	SK_FUNC(vkQueueWaitIdle);
+	SK_FUNC(vkResetCommandBuffer);
+	SK_FUNC(vkResetCommandPool);
+	SK_FUNC(vkResetDescriptorPool);
+	SK_FUNC(vkResetEvent);
+	SK_FUNC(vkResetFences);
+	SK_FUNC(vkSetEvent);
+	SK_FUNC(vkUnmapMemory);
+	SK_FUNC(vkUpdateDescriptorSets);
+	SK_FUNC(vkWaitForFences);
+
+	// VK_EXT_debug_report
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDebugReportMessageEXT);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT);
+
+	// VK_KHR_surface
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroySurfaceKHR);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR);
+
+	// VK_KHR_swapchain
+	SK_FUNC(vkAcquireNextImageKHR);
+	SK_FUNC(vkCreateSwapchainKHR);
+	SK_FUNC(vkDestroySwapchainKHR);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetDeviceGroupPresentCapabilitiesKHR);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetDeviceGroupSurfacePresentModesKHR);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetPhysicalDevicePresentRectanglesKHR);
+	SK_FUNC(vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR);
+	SK_FUNC(vkQueuePresentKHR);
+
+#undef SK_FUNC
+
+private:
+	template<class T>
+	static inline VkResult wrapResult(const VkResult           r,
+	                                  const typename T::Handle handle,
+	                                  typename T::Deleter&&    deleter,
+	                                  T&                       result) noexcept
+	{
+		if (r) {
+			return r;
+		} else if (!handle) {
+			return VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED;
+		}
+
+		result = T{handle, std::move(deleter)};
+		return VK_SUCCESS;
+	}
+};
+
+/// Scope for commands that work both inside and outside a render pass
+class CommonCommandScope
+{
+public:
+	CommonCommandScope(const VulkanApi& api,
+	                   VkCommandBuffer  commandBuffer,
+	                   VkResult         result) noexcept
+	    : _api{api}
+	    , _commandBuffer{commandBuffer}
+	    , _result{result}
+	{}
+
+	CommonCommandScope(const CommonCommandScope&) noexcept = delete;
+	CommonCommandScope& operator=(const CommonCommandScope&) noexcept = delete;
+
+	CommonCommandScope(CommonCommandScope&& scope) noexcept
+	    : _api{scope._api}
+	    , _commandBuffer{scope._commandBuffer}
+	{
+		scope._commandBuffer = {};
+	}
+
+	CommonCommandScope& operator=(CommonCommandScope&&) = delete;
+
+	~CommonCommandScope() noexcept = default;
+
+	explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return _result == VK_SUCCESS; }
+
+	VkResult error() const noexcept { return _result; }
+
+	void bindPipeline(VkPipelineBindPoint pipelineBindPoint,
+	                  VkPipeline          pipeline) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdBindPipeline(_commandBuffer, pipelineBindPoint, pipeline);
+	}
+
+	void setViewport(uint32_t          firstViewport,
+	                 uint32_t          viewportCount,
+	                 const VkViewport* pViewports) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdSetViewport(_commandBuffer,
+		                      firstViewport,
+		                      viewportCount,
+		                      pViewports);
+	}
+
+	void setScissor(uint32_t        firstScissor,
+	                uint32_t        scissorCount,
+	                const VkRect2D* pScissors) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdSetScissor(_commandBuffer,
+		                     firstScissor,
+		                     scissorCount,
+		                     pScissors);
+	}
+
+	void setLineWidth(float lineWidth) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdSetLineWidth(_commandBuffer, lineWidth);
+	}
+
+	void setDepthBias(float depthBiasConstantFactor,
+	                  float depthBiasClamp,
+	                  float depthBiasSlopeFactor) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdSetDepthBias(_commandBuffer,
+		                       depthBiasConstantFactor,
+		                       depthBiasClamp,
+		                       depthBiasSlopeFactor);
+	}
+
+	void setBlendConstants(const float blendConstants[4]) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdSetBlendConstants(_commandBuffer, blendConstants);
+	}
+
+	void
+	setDepthBounds(float minDepthBounds, float maxDepthBounds) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdSetDepthBounds(_commandBuffer,
+		                         minDepthBounds,
+		                         maxDepthBounds);
+	}
+
+	void setStencilCompareMask(VkStencilFaceFlags faceMask,
+	                           uint32_t           compareMask) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdSetStencilCompareMask(_commandBuffer, faceMask, compareMask);
+	}
+
+	void setStencilWriteMask(VkStencilFaceFlags faceMask,
+	                         uint32_t           writeMask) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdSetStencilWriteMask(_commandBuffer, faceMask, writeMask);
+	}
+
+	void setStencilReference(VkStencilFaceFlags faceMask,
+	                         uint32_t           reference) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdSetStencilReference(_commandBuffer, faceMask, reference);
+	}
+
+	void bindDescriptorSets(VkPipelineBindPoint    pipelineBindPoint,
+	                        VkPipelineLayout       layout,
+	                        uint32_t               firstSet,
+	                        uint32_t               descriptorSetCount,
+	                        const VkDescriptorSet* pDescriptorSets,
+	                        uint32_t               dynamicOffsetCount,
+	                        const uint32_t* pDynamicOffsets) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(_commandBuffer,
+		                             pipelineBindPoint,
+		                             layout,
+		                             firstSet,
+		                             descriptorSetCount,
+		                             pDescriptorSets,
+		                             dynamicOffsetCount,
+		                             pDynamicOffsets);
+	}
+
+	void bindIndexBuffer(VkBuffer     buffer,
+	                     VkDeviceSize offset,
+	                     VkIndexType  indexType) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(_commandBuffer, buffer, offset, indexType);
+	}
+
+	void bindVertexBuffers(uint32_t            firstBinding,
+	                       uint32_t            bindingCount,
+	                       const VkBuffer*     pBuffers,
+	                       const VkDeviceSize* pOffsets) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(
+		    _commandBuffer, firstBinding, bindingCount, pBuffers, pOffsets);
+	}
+
+	void
+	waitEvents(uint32_t                     eventCount,
+	           const VkEvent*               pEvents,
+	           VkPipelineStageFlags         srcStageMask,
+	           VkPipelineStageFlags         dstStageMask,
+	           uint32_t                     memoryBarrierCount,
+	           const VkMemoryBarrier*       pMemoryBarriers,
+	           uint32_t                     bufferMemoryBarrierCount,
+	           const VkBufferMemoryBarrier* pBufferMemoryBarriers,
+	           uint32_t                     imageMemoryBarrierCount,
+	           const VkImageMemoryBarrier*  pImageMemoryBarriers) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdWaitEvents(_commandBuffer,
+		                     eventCount,
+		                     pEvents,
+		                     srcStageMask,
+		                     dstStageMask,
+		                     memoryBarrierCount,
+		                     pMemoryBarriers,
+		                     bufferMemoryBarrierCount,
+		                     pBufferMemoryBarriers,
+		                     imageMemoryBarrierCount,
+		                     pImageMemoryBarriers);
+	}
+
+	void pipelineBarrier(
+	    VkPipelineStageFlags         srcStageMask,
+	    VkPipelineStageFlags         dstStageMask,
+	    VkDependencyFlags            dependencyFlags,
+	    uint32_t                     memoryBarrierCount,
+	    const VkMemoryBarrier*       pMemoryBarriers,
+	    uint32_t                     bufferMemoryBarrierCount,
+	    const VkBufferMemoryBarrier* pBufferMemoryBarriers,
+	    uint32_t                     imageMemoryBarrierCount,
+	    const VkImageMemoryBarrier*  pImageMemoryBarriers) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdPipelineBarrier(_commandBuffer,
+		                          srcStageMask,
+		                          dstStageMask,
+		                          dependencyFlags,
+		                          memoryBarrierCount,
+		                          pMemoryBarriers,
+		                          bufferMemoryBarrierCount,
+		                          pBufferMemoryBarriers,
+		                          imageMemoryBarrierCount,
+		                          pImageMemoryBarriers);
+	}
+
+	void beginQuery(VkQueryPool         queryPool,
+	                uint32_t            query,
+	                VkQueryControlFlags flags) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdBeginQuery(_commandBuffer, queryPool, query, flags);
+	}
+
+	void endQuery(VkQueryPool queryPool, uint32_t query) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdEndQuery(_commandBuffer, queryPool, query);
+	}
+
+	void writeTimestamp(VkPipelineStageFlagBits pipelineStage,
+	                    VkQueryPool             queryPool,
+	                    uint32_t                query) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdWriteTimestamp(_commandBuffer,
+		                         pipelineStage,
+		                         queryPool,
+		                         query);
+	}
+
+	void pushConstants(VkPipelineLayout   layout,
+	                   VkShaderStageFlags stageFlags,
+	                   uint32_t           offset,
+	                   uint32_t           size,
+	                   const void*        pValues) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdPushConstants(
+		    _commandBuffer, layout, stageFlags, offset, size, pValues);
+	}
+
+	void executeCommands(uint32_t               commandBufferCount,
+	                     const VkCommandBuffer* pCommandBuffers) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdExecuteCommands(_commandBuffer,
+		                          commandBufferCount,
+		                          pCommandBuffers);
+	}
+
+protected:
+	const VulkanApi& _api;
+	VkCommandBuffer  _commandBuffer;
+	VkResult         _result;
+};
+
+// Top level command scope outside a render pass
+class CommandScope : public CommonCommandScope
+{
+public:
+	CommandScope(const VulkanApi& api,
+	             VkCommandBuffer  commandBuffer,
+	             VkResult         result) noexcept
+	    : CommonCommandScope{api, commandBuffer, result}
+	{}
+
+	CommandScope(const CommandScope&) = delete;
+	CommandScope& operator=(const CommandScope&) = delete;
+
+	CommandScope(CommandScope&& scope) noexcept
+	    : CommonCommandScope{std::forward<CommandScope>(scope)}
+	{}
+
+	CommandScope& operator=(CommandScope&&) = delete;
+
+	~CommandScope() noexcept
+	{
+		assert(!_commandBuffer); // Buffer must be finished with end()
+	}
+
+	VkResult end() noexcept
+	{
+		if (_commandBuffer) {
+			VkResult r     = _api.vkEndCommandBuffer(_commandBuffer);
+			_commandBuffer = {};
+			return r;
+		}
+
+		return VK_NOT_READY;
+	}
+
+	void dispatch(uint32_t groupCountX,
+	              uint32_t groupCountY,
+	              uint32_t groupCountZ) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdDispatch(_commandBuffer,
+		                   groupCountX,
+		                   groupCountY,
+		                   groupCountZ);
+	}
+
+	void dispatchIndirect(VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceSize offset) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdDispatchIndirect(_commandBuffer, buffer, offset);
+	}
+
+	void copyBuffer(VkBuffer            srcBuffer,
+	                VkBuffer            dstBuffer,
+	                uint32_t            regionCount,
+	                const VkBufferCopy* pRegions) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdCopyBuffer(
+		    _commandBuffer, srcBuffer, dstBuffer, regionCount, pRegions);
+	}
+
+	void copyImage(VkImage            srcImage,
+	               VkImageLayout      srcImageLayout,
+	               VkImage            dstImage,
+	               VkImageLayout      dstImageLayout,
+	               uint32_t           regionCount,
+	               const VkImageCopy* pRegions) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdCopyImage(_commandBuffer,
+		                    srcImage,
+		                    srcImageLayout,
+		                    dstImage,
+		                    dstImageLayout,
+		                    regionCount,
+		                    pRegions);
+	}
+
+	void blitImage(VkImage            srcImage,
+	               VkImageLayout      srcImageLayout,
+	               VkImage            dstImage,
+	               VkImageLayout      dstImageLayout,
+	               uint32_t           regionCount,
+	               const VkImageBlit* pRegions,
+	               VkFilter           filter) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdBlitImage(_commandBuffer,
+		                    srcImage,
+		                    srcImageLayout,
+		                    dstImage,
+		                    dstImageLayout,
+		                    regionCount,
+		                    pRegions,
+		                    filter);
+	}
+
+	void copyBufferToImage(VkBuffer                 srcBuffer,
+	                       VkImage                  dstImage,
+	                       VkImageLayout            dstImageLayout,
+	                       uint32_t                 regionCount,
+	                       const VkBufferImageCopy* pRegions) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(_commandBuffer,
+		                            srcBuffer,
+		                            dstImage,
+		                            dstImageLayout,
+		                            regionCount,
+		                            pRegions);
+	}
+
+	void copyImageToBuffer(VkImage                  srcImage,
+	                       VkImageLayout            srcImageLayout,
+	                       VkBuffer                 dstBuffer,
+	                       uint32_t                 regionCount,
+	                       const VkBufferImageCopy* pRegions) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer(_commandBuffer,
+		                            srcImage,
+		                            srcImageLayout,
+		                            dstBuffer,
+		                            regionCount,
+		                            pRegions);
+	}
+
+	void updateBuffer(VkBuffer     dstBuffer,
+	                  VkDeviceSize dstOffset,
+	                  VkDeviceSize dataSize,
+	                  const void*  pData) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdUpdateBuffer(
+		    _commandBuffer, dstBuffer, dstOffset, dataSize, pData);
+	}
+
+	void fillBuffer(VkBuffer     dstBuffer,
+	                VkDeviceSize dstOffset,
+	                VkDeviceSize size,
+	                uint32_t     data) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdFillBuffer(_commandBuffer, dstBuffer, dstOffset, size, data);
+	}
+
+	void clearColorImage(VkImage                        image,
+	                     VkImageLayout                  imageLayout,
+	                     const VkClearColorValue&       color,
+	                     uint32_t                       rangeCount,
+	                     const VkImageSubresourceRange* pRanges) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdClearColorImage(
+		    _commandBuffer, image, imageLayout, &color, rangeCount, pRanges);
+	}
+
+	void clearDepthStencilImage(
+	    VkImage                         image,
+	    VkImageLayout                   imageLayout,
+	    const VkClearDepthStencilValue& depthStencil,
+	    uint32_t                        rangeCount,
+	    const VkImageSubresourceRange*  pRanges) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdClearDepthStencilImage(_commandBuffer,
+		                                 image,
+		                                 imageLayout,
+		                                 &depthStencil,
+		                                 rangeCount,
+		                                 pRanges);
+	}
+
+	void resolveImage(VkImage               srcImage,
+	                  VkImageLayout         srcImageLayout,
+	                  VkImage               dstImage,
+	                  VkImageLayout         dstImageLayout,
+	                  uint32_t              regionCount,
+	                  const VkImageResolve* pRegions) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdResolveImage(_commandBuffer,
+		                       srcImage,
+		                       srcImageLayout,
+		                       dstImage,
+		                       dstImageLayout,
+		                       regionCount,
+		                       pRegions);
+	}
+
+	void setEvent(VkEvent event, VkPipelineStageFlags stageMask) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdSetEvent(_commandBuffer, event, stageMask);
+	}
+
+	void
+	resetEvent(VkEvent event, VkPipelineStageFlags stageMask) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdResetEvent(_commandBuffer, event, stageMask);
+	}
+
+	void resetQueryPool(VkQueryPool queryPool,
+	                    uint32_t    firstQuery,
+	                    uint32_t    queryCount) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdResetQueryPool(_commandBuffer,
+		                         queryPool,
+		                         firstQuery,
+		                         queryCount);
+	}
+
+	void copyQueryPoolResults(VkQueryPool        queryPool,
+	                          uint32_t           firstQuery,
+	                          uint32_t           queryCount,
+	                          VkBuffer           dstBuffer,
+	                          VkDeviceSize       dstOffset,
+	                          VkDeviceSize       stride,
+	                          VkQueryResultFlags flags) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdCopyQueryPoolResults(_commandBuffer,
+		                               queryPool,
+		                               firstQuery,
+		                               queryCount,
+		                               dstBuffer,
+		                               dstOffset,
+		                               stride,
+		                               flags);
+	}
+
+	SYBOK_NODISCARD
+	RenderCommandScope
+	beginRenderPass(const VkRenderPassBeginInfo& renderPassBegin,
+	                VkSubpassContents            contents) const noexcept;
+};
+
+class RenderCommandScope : public CommonCommandScope
+{
+public:
+	RenderCommandScope(const VulkanApi& api,
+	                   VkCommandBuffer  commandBuffer) noexcept
+	    : CommonCommandScope{api, commandBuffer, VK_SUCCESS}
+	{}
+
+	RenderCommandScope(const RenderCommandScope&) = delete;
+	RenderCommandScope& operator=(const RenderCommandScope&) = delete;
+
+	RenderCommandScope(RenderCommandScope&& scope) noexcept
+	    : CommonCommandScope{std::forward<RenderCommandScope>(scope)}
+	{}
+
+	RenderCommandScope& operator=(RenderCommandScope&&) = delete;
+
+	~RenderCommandScope() noexcept { _api.vkCmdEndRenderPass(_commandBuffer); }
+
+	void draw(uint32_t vertexCount,
+	          uint32_t instanceCount,
+	          uint32_t firstVertex,
+	          uint32_t firstInstance) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdDraw(_commandBuffer,
+		               vertexCount,
+		               instanceCount,
+		               firstVertex,
+		               firstInstance);
+	}
+
+	void drawIndexed(uint32_t indexCount,
+	                 uint32_t instanceCount,
+	                 uint32_t firstIndex,
+	                 int32_t  vertexOffset,
+	                 uint32_t firstInstance) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdDrawIndexed(_commandBuffer,
+		                      indexCount,
+		                      instanceCount,
+		                      firstIndex,
+		                      vertexOffset,
+		                      firstInstance);
+	}
+
+	void drawIndirect(VkBuffer     buffer,
+	                  VkDeviceSize offset,
+	                  uint32_t     drawCount,
+	                  uint32_t     stride) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdDrawIndirect(
+		    _commandBuffer, buffer, offset, drawCount, stride);
+	}
+
+	void drawIndexedIndirect(VkBuffer     buffer,
+	                         VkDeviceSize offset,
+	                         uint32_t     drawCount,
+	                         uint32_t     stride) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdDrawIndexedIndirect(
+		    _commandBuffer, buffer, offset, drawCount, stride);
+	}
+
+	void clearAttachments(uint32_t                 attachmentCount,
+	                      const VkClearAttachment& attachments,
+	                      uint32_t                 rectCount,
+	                      const VkClearRect*       pRects) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdClearAttachments(
+		    _commandBuffer, attachmentCount, &attachments, rectCount, pRects);
+	}
+
+	void nextSubpass(VkSubpassContents contents) const noexcept
+	{
+		_api.vkCmdNextSubpass(_commandBuffer, contents);
+	}
+};
+
+CommandScope
+VulkanApi::beginCommandBuffer(
+    VkCommandBuffer                commandBuffer,
+    const VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo) const noexcept
+{
+	if (const VkResult r = vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo)) {
+		return {*this, nullptr, r};
+	}
+
+	return {*this, commandBuffer, VK_SUCCESS};
+}
+
+inline RenderCommandScope
+CommandScope::beginRenderPass(const VkRenderPassBeginInfo& renderPassBegin,
+                              VkSubpassContents contents) const noexcept
+{
+	_api.vkCmdBeginRenderPass(_commandBuffer, &renderPassBegin, contents);
+
+	return {_api, _commandBuffer};
+}
+
+inline MappedMemory::~MappedMemory() noexcept
+{
+	if (_api && _memory) {
+		_api->vkUnmapMemory(_device, _memory);
+	}
+}
+
+} // namespace sk
+
+#endif // SYBOK_HPP